1. Message, Meaning, Connotation, Denotation

2. Meaning
A message may include verbal content - written or spoken words, sign language, , text messages, phone calls, snail-mail, sky-writing, etc. and will include nonverbal content - meaningful behaviour beyond words: e.g., body movement and gestures, eye contact, artifacts and clothing, vocal variety, touch, timing, etc. Intentionally or not, both verbal and nonverbal content is part of the information that is transferred in a message.

3. Denotation
Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition.
For example, if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discover that one of its denotative meanings is "any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles having a long, tapering, cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate regions.

4. Connotation
Connotation, on the other hand, refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotative meanings of a word exist together with the denotative meaning
The connotations for the word snake could include evil or danger.

5. Codes
Code is a system of rules to convert information—such as a letter, word, sound, image, or gesture—into another form or representations, sometimes shortened or secret, for communication through a channel or storage in a medium. 
The process of encoding converts information from a source into symbols for communication or storage. 
Decoding is the reverse process, converting code symbols back into a form that the recipient of that understands time.

6. Linguistics
Linguistics is the study of language - how it is put together and how it functions.
Various building blocks of different types and sizes are combined to make up a language.
Sounds are brought together and sometimes when this happens, they change their form and do interesting things.
Words are arranged in a certain order, and sometimes the beginnings and endings of the words are changed to adjust the meaning.
Then the meaning itself can be affected by the arrangement of words and by the knowledge of the speaker about what the hearer will understand. 

7. Semantics
Semantics is related to meanings of words. To be more exact, it is related to connotative and denotative meanings of words and its study. Connotations are understood based only on an individual’s experience. If the encoder and decoder do not share the some connotative meaning for a word, miscommunication occurs.

8. Examples
Cheap labour, cheap holiday
Cheap joke, cheap fellow

9. Context
Context is the circumstances surrounding a message. The circumstances might include the setting, the value positions of the people, and appropriateness of a message.

10. Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics and semiotics that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning.
The ability to understand another speaker's intended meaning is called pragmatic competence.

11. Unlike semantics, which examines meaning that is conventional or "coded" in a given language, pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge (e.g., grammar, lexicon, etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, any pre-existing knowledge about those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and other factors.