1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

2. Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy=the study of the structure (morphology/form) of body parts
(Greek – “a cutting up”)
Physiology=the study of the function of body parts
(Greek – “relationship to nature”)
It is an ever-developing science
The language of A&P is based on Latin and Greek terminology

3. Structural Organization
Sub-atomic Particles= particles that make up atoms
protons, neutrons, electrons
Atom= the smallest particle of an element
important for this class= Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (H), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P)
CHONP
Molecules=two or more bonded atoms
i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O)
Macromolecules=a large molecule
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

4. Structural Organization cont.
Organelles=a small “organ” of a cell that serves a specific function
i.e. mitochondria, cell membrane, nucleolus
Cells=the basic unit of life
Each cell performs a specific function
i.e. red blood cells, nerve cells
Tissues=a group of similar cells that perform the same function
i.e. nervous tissue, muscle tissue

5. Structural Organization cont.
Organs=a structure composed of a group of tissues that performs specific functions
i.e. skin, heart, brain
Organ Systems=a group of organs that act together to carry out specialized functions
i.e. integumentary system, cardiovascular system
Human organism=an organism is the most complex level of organization dealt with in this class
Defined as an individual living creature

6. Structural Organization cont.
These are higher levels of organization that are more often the subject of other biological or social sciences.
Populations=a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time
Communities=a group of interacting plants and animals inhabiting a given area
Ecosystems=a biotic community and its abiotic environment functioning as a system
Biosphere=the thin layer around the earth in which all living things exist

8. Characteristic and Environmental Needs for Life
Maintenance of Life
Characteristic and Environmental Needs for Life

9. Characteristics of Life
Movement
-change in position of body/part
-motion of an organ
Responsiveness
-reaction to internal or external stimulus
Growth
-increase in size w/o change in shape
Reproduction
-produce new organisms and cells
5. Respiration
-obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods

10. Characteristics of Life cont.
Digestion
-breakdown of food into simpler substances that can be used by the body
Absorption
-passage of substances through membranes into body fluids
Circulation
-movement of substances from place to place in body fluids
Assimilation
-changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
10. Excretion
-removal of waste produced by metabolic reactions

11. Environmental Needs for Life
Life depends on five environmental factors
water
food
oxygen
heat
pressure

12. Environmental Needs for Life cont.
1. Water
most abundant substance in body
required for metabolic processes
required for transport of substances
regulates body temperature
2. Food
provides necessary nutrients
supplies energy
supplies raw materials

13. Environmental Needs for Life cont.
3. Oxygen (Gas)
one-fifth of air
used to release energy from nutrients
4. Heat
form of energy
partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
5. Pressure
application of force on an object
atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

14. Homeostasis
Homeostasis=the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment
This is a major concept for this class that will be revisited several times this semester
All life processes and metabolic reactions work to maintain homeostasis

16. Homeostatic Mechanisms
Receptor= provide information about stimuli in the internal environment
Control Center= tell what a particular value should be. (i.e. temperature, blood sugar)
Effector=cause responses that alter internal conditions
This general mechanisms will also appear several times in this class.

18. Homeostatic Mechanisms
Negative Feedback= mechanism in which build-up of a product suppresses its production
Helps maintain homeostasis
Stabilizes
Internal temperature
Positive Feedback= process by which changes cause further, similar changes
Leads to instability
Uterine contractions during childbirth

19. Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 1
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set
point and signals effector
organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels dilate
and sweat glands secrete.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Response
Body heat is lost to surroundings,
temperature drops toward normal.
too high
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels constrict and
sweat glands remain inactive.
Effectors
generates body heat.
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set point
and signals effector organs.
If body temperature
continues to drop, control
center signals muscles to
contract involuntarily.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

20. Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 2
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
too high
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

21. Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 3
Receptors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
too high
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

22. Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 4
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set
point and signals effector
organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
too high
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

23. Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 5
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set
point and signals effector
organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels dilate
and sweat glands secrete.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
too high
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

24. Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 6
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set
point and signals effector
organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels dilate
and sweat glands secrete.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Response
Body heat is lost to surroundings,
temperature drops toward normal.
too high
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

25. Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 7
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

26. Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 8
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

27. Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 9
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set point
and signals effector organs.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

28. Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 10
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set point
and signals effector organs.
If body temperature
continues to drop, control
center signals muscles to
contract involuntarily.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

29. Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 11
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels constrict and
sweat glands remain inactive.
Effectors
Muscle activity
generates body heat.
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set point
and signals effector organs.
If body temperature
continues to drop, control
center signals muscles to
contract involuntarily.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

30. Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 12
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels constrict and
sweat glands remain inactive.
Effectors
Muscle activity
generates body heat.
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set point
and signals effector organs.
If body temperature
continues to drop, control
center signals muscles to
contract involuntarily.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

31. Normal body Temperature 37oC (98.6oF)
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set
point and signals effector
organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels dilate
and sweat glands secrete.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Response
Body heat is lost to surroundings,
temperature drops toward normal.
too high
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels constrict and
sweat glands remain inactive.
Effectors
generates body heat.
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set point
and signals effector organs.
If body temperature
continues to drop, control
center signals muscles to
contract involuntarily.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

32. Thermostat as example of homeostatic mechanism
Slide number: 1
Control center
Thermostat detects
deviation from set point
and signals effectors.
Receptors
Thermostat in room
detects change.
Effectors
Heater turns off; air
conditioner turns on.
Stimulus
Room temperature
rises above normal.
Response
Room temperature
returns toward set point.
too high
Normal room
temperature
Thermostat
set point.
too low
Stimulus
Room temperature
Decreases.
Response
Room temperature
returns toward set point.
Receptors
Thermostat in room
detects change.
Effectors
Heater turns on; air
conditioner turns off.
Control center
Thermostat detects
deviation from set point
and signals effectors.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

33. Thermostat as example of homeostatic mechanism
Slide number: 2
Stimulus
Room temperature
rises above normal.
too high
Normal room
temperature
Thermostat
set point.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

34. Thermostat as example of homeostatic mechanism
Slide number: 3
Receptors
Thermostat in room
detects change.
Stimulus
Room temperature
rises above normal.
too high
Normal room
temperature
Thermostat
set point.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

35. Thermostat as example of homeostatic mechanism
Slide number: 4
Control center
Thermostat detects
deviation from set point
and signals effectors.
Receptors
Thermostat in room
detects change.
Stimulus
Room temperature
rises above normal.
too high
Normal room
temperature
Thermostat
set point.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

36. Thermostat as example of homeostatic mechanism
Slide number: 5
Control center
Thermostat detects
deviation from set point
and signals effectors.
Receptors
Thermostat in room
detects change.
Effectors
Heater turns off; air
conditioner turns on.
Stimulus
Room temperature
rises above normal.
too high
Normal room
temperature
Thermostat
set point.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

37. Thermostat as example of homeostatic mechanism
Slide number: 6
Control center
Thermostat detects
deviation from set point
and signals effectors.
Receptors
Thermostat in room
detects change.
Effectors
Heater turns off; air
conditioner turns on.
Stimulus
Room temperature
rises above normal.
Response
Room temperature
returns toward set point.
too high
Normal room
temperature
Thermostat
set point.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

38. Thermostat as example of homeostatic mechanism
Slide number: 7
Normal room
temperature
Thermostat
set point.
too low
Stimulus
Room temperature
Decreases.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

39. Thermostat as example of homeostatic mechanism
Slide number: 8
Normal room
temperature
Thermostat
set point.
too low
Stimulus
Room temperature
Decreases.
Receptors
Thermostat in room
detects change.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

40. Thermostat as example of homeostatic mechanism
Slide number: 9
Normal room
temperature
Thermostat
set point.
too low
Stimulus
Room temperature
Decreases.
Receptors
Thermostat in room
detects change.
Control center
Thermostat detects
deviation from set point
and signals effectors.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

41. Thermostat as example of homeostatic mechanism
Slide number: 10
Normal room
temperature
Thermostat
set point.
too low
Stimulus
Room temperature
Decreases.
Receptors
Thermostat in room
detects change.
Effectors
Heater turns on; air
conditioner turns off.
Control center
Thermostat detects
deviation from set point
and signals effectors.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

42. Thermostat as example of homeostatic mechanism
Slide number: 11
Normal room
temperature
Thermostat
set point.
too low
Stimulus
Room temperature
Decreases.
Response
Room temperature
returns toward set point.
Receptors
Thermostat in room
detects change.
Effectors
Heater turns on; air
conditioner turns off.
Control center
Thermostat detects
deviation from set point
and signals effectors.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

43. Normal room temperature
Control center
Thermostat detects
deviation from set point
and signals effectors.
Receptors
Thermostat in room
detects change.
Effectors
Heater turns off; air
conditioner turns on.
Stimulus
Room temperature
rises above normal.
Response
Room temperature
returns toward set point.
too high
Normal room
temperature
Thermostat
set point.
too low
Stimulus
Room temperature
Decreases.
Response
Room temperature
returns toward set point.
Receptors
Thermostat in room
detects change.
Effectors
Heater turns on; air
conditioner turns off.
Control center
Thermostat detects
deviation from set point
and signals effectors.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

45. Organization of Human Body

46. Major Divisions Axial portion (green) Appendicular portion (tan) Head
Neck
Trunk
Appendicular portion (tan)
Arms
Legs

47. Body Cavities Ventral Cavity Dorsal Cavity Thoracic Cavity
lungs, mediastinum, thymus, heart, esophagus, trachea
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Dorsal Cavity
Cranial Cavity
brain
Vertebral Cavity
spinal cord

48. Abdominopelvic Cavity
The diaphragm is the muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Abdominal Cavity
Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine
Pelvic Cavity
Urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs (male and female)
Retroperitoneal=behind abdominopelvic cavity
Kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, ureters

51. Smaller Cavities of the Face and Neck
Oral Cavity
teeth and tongue
Nasal Cavity
includes a series of air filled sinuses
Orbital Cavities
eyes and associated muscles and nerves
Middle Ear Cavities
middle ear bones

53. Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes
Membrane= a soft, thin, and pliable layer of tissue
Visceral Membrane=covers a vital (visceral) organ
Parietal Membrane=lines a body cavity
Serous Membranes= line the walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
fold back over the organs those cavities contain
Serous fluid=a fluid between the visceral and parietal membranes secreted for lubrication

54. Serous Membranes of the Lungs
Visceral pleura=membrane on the surface of the lungs
Parietal pleura=membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located
Pleural cavity=the space between
Filled with serous fluid

57. Serous Membranes of the Heart
Visceral pericardium=membrane on the surface of the heart
Parietal pericardium=membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is located
Pericardial cavity=the space between
Filled with serous fluid

60. Serous Membranes of the Abdominal organs
Visceral peritoneum=membrane on the surface of the liver
Parietal peritoneum=membrane that lines the cavity in which the liver is located
Peritoneal cavity=the space between
Filled with serous fluid