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Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole

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1 Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole
Chapter 02 Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole

2 THE CELL Fundamental unit of all living things, contains:
Cell membrane: surrounds & protects, controls flow in & out of the cell Nucleus: controls operations of the cell Chromosomes: rod-like structures within nucleus (contain genes; DNA) 23 pair; 46 total

3 Figure 2-2. Egg and sperm cells, each containing 23
chromosomes.

4 Figure 2-3. Karyotype of a normal male showing 23 pairs of chromosomes
Figure 2-3. Karyotype of a normal male showing 23 pairs of chromosomes. The 23rd pair is the XY pair. In a normal female karyotype, the 23rd pair is XX. (X chromosome is near number 5 pair and Y chromosome is near number 22 pair.)

5 (A) Karyotype of Down syndrome female showing trisomy 21.
(B) Photograph of a 3½-year-old girl with the typical facial appearance that occurs in Down syndrome. This includes a flat nasal bridge, an upward slant of the eyes, and a protruding tongue. Other characteristics of Down syndrome patients are mental deficiency and heart defects.

6 THE CELL Cytoplasm: all material outside the cell nucleus and inside the cell membrane; carries on the work of the cell Mitochondria: produce energy by burning food in presence of oxygen Endoplasmic Reticulum: network of canals within cell where proteins are manufactured What is the root word for cell? What are some common suffixes using the root?

7 MAJOR PART OF A CELL Ribosomes (RĪ-bō-sōmz) are small granules that help the cell make proteins.

8 METABOLISM The sum of the chemical processes in a cell; two types
Cata/bol/ism = process of breaking down into smaller material Ana/bol/ism = process of building complex materials from smaller materials

9 Types of cells. (A) muscle cell (B) nerve cell (C) epithelial cell (D) fat cell.

10 TISSUE A group of similar cells working together to do a specific job; 4 types: Epithelial - forms the lining of internal organs and outer surfaces of the skin, located all over the body Muscle - two types; Voluntary: found in extremities Involuntary: muscles in the gut & heart Connective: connects 1 thing to another (EX: fat, bone, cartilage, and blood) Nerve: conducts impulses all over body

11 ORGANS Make sure you know combining forms for organs
A structure composed of several types of tissue; Ex - stomach organ is composed of muscle tissue, nerve tissue and glandular epithelial tissue. Make sure you know combining forms for organs

12 BODY SYSTEMS Cell Tissue Organ System
A groups of organs working together to perform complex functions; Ex. - circulatory system made up of heart, arteries, veins, etc… Cell Tissue Organ System

13 BODY CAVITIES Space within body that contains internal organs
Cran/ial - contains brain, pituitary gland Thorac/ic - contains heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus, aorta Abdomin/al - stomach, small & large intestine, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder Pelv/ic - portion of large & small intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters, uterus, vagina Spin/al - nerves, spinal cord

14 ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
Named for PATIENT’s side of body (i.e. – his right or left, NOT yours.) Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric R/L iliac/inguinal R/L lumbar R/L hypochondriac

15 QUADRANTS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC AREA
RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ Abdominopelvic area divided into four quadrants Assessment findings, organs, etc… are described by quadrant they are located in

16 ORGANS IN 4 QUADRANTS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC AREA
RUQ - liver, gallbladder, part of pancreas, part of small & large intestine LUQ - liver, stomach, spleen, part of pancreas, part of small & large intestine RLQ - part of small & large intestine, R ovary, R fallopian tube, R ureter, appendix LLQ - part of small & large intestine, L ovary, L fallopian tube, L ureter

17

18 REGIONS OF SPINAL COLUMN
Spinal column is divided into 5 regions Assessment finding & diagnoses are named by region & vertebrae number Cervical - neck area, vertebrae Thoracic - chest area, vertebrae Lumbar - waist area, vertebrae Sacral - 5 small bones fused into 1 bone Coccygeal - 4 bones fused into 1 bone

19 POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS: BODY CAVITIES
Anterior (ventral) – front Posterior (dorsal) – back Body cavities: Ventral (anterior) cavities front of the body Dorsal (posterior) cavities in the back.

20 Organs of the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities, anterior view.

21 Organs of the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities, posterior view.

22 POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS: BODY CAVITIES
Divisions of thoracic cavity

23 POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS: BODY CAVITIES
Divisions of Abdominal cavity (side view). Notice the peritoneum, which is a membrane surrounding the organs in the abdominal cavity. The retroperitoneal area is behind the peritoneum and contains the kidneys.

24 POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS:
Deep - away from surface Superficial - on the surface

25 POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS:
Proximal - near point of attachment to trunk Distal - far from point of attachment to trunk

26 POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS:
Superior - above another structure Inferior - below another structure

27 POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS:
Medial: the middle, toward the middle Lateral: the side

28 POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS:
Supine - lying on the back Prone - lying on the stomach

29 Positional and directional terms.

30 PLANES OF THE BODY: Frontal (coronal) - vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior plane Sagittal (lateral) - lengthwise vertical plane that divides the body into right & left sides Transverse (cross-sectional) - horizontal plane that divides the body into upper & lower portions

31 Planes of the body. The figure is standing in the anatomical position with the palms of the hands facing outward & the 5th finger medial to the other fingers.


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