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Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole
Chapter 02 Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole
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THE CELL Fundamental unit of all living things, contains:
Cell membrane: surrounds & protects, controls flow in & out of the cell Nucleus: controls operations of the cell Chromosomes: rod-like structures within nucleus (contain genes; DNA) 23 pair; 46 total
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Figure 2-2. Egg and sperm cells, each containing 23
chromosomes.
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Figure 2-3. Karyotype of a normal male showing 23 pairs of chromosomes
Figure 2-3. Karyotype of a normal male showing 23 pairs of chromosomes. The 23rd pair is the XY pair. In a normal female karyotype, the 23rd pair is XX. (X chromosome is near number 5 pair and Y chromosome is near number 22 pair.)
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(A) Karyotype of Down syndrome female showing trisomy 21.
(B) Photograph of a 3½-year-old girl with the typical facial appearance that occurs in Down syndrome. This includes a flat nasal bridge, an upward slant of the eyes, and a protruding tongue. Other characteristics of Down syndrome patients are mental deficiency and heart defects.
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THE CELL Cytoplasm: all material outside the cell nucleus and inside the cell membrane; carries on the work of the cell Mitochondria: produce energy by burning food in presence of oxygen Endoplasmic Reticulum: network of canals within cell where proteins are manufactured What is the root word for cell? What are some common suffixes using the root?
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MAJOR PART OF A CELL Ribosomes (RĪ-bō-sōmz) are small granules that help the cell make proteins.
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METABOLISM The sum of the chemical processes in a cell; two types
Cata/bol/ism = process of breaking down into smaller material Ana/bol/ism = process of building complex materials from smaller materials
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Types of cells. (A) muscle cell (B) nerve cell (C) epithelial cell (D) fat cell.
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TISSUE A group of similar cells working together to do a specific job; 4 types: Epithelial - forms the lining of internal organs and outer surfaces of the skin, located all over the body Muscle - two types; Voluntary: found in extremities Involuntary: muscles in the gut & heart Connective: connects 1 thing to another (EX: fat, bone, cartilage, and blood) Nerve: conducts impulses all over body
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ORGANS Make sure you know combining forms for organs
A structure composed of several types of tissue; Ex - stomach organ is composed of muscle tissue, nerve tissue and glandular epithelial tissue. Make sure you know combining forms for organs
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BODY SYSTEMS Cell Tissue Organ System
A groups of organs working together to perform complex functions; Ex. - circulatory system made up of heart, arteries, veins, etc… Cell Tissue Organ System
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BODY CAVITIES Space within body that contains internal organs
Cran/ial - contains brain, pituitary gland Thorac/ic - contains heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus, aorta Abdomin/al - stomach, small & large intestine, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder Pelv/ic - portion of large & small intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters, uterus, vagina Spin/al - nerves, spinal cord
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ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
Named for PATIENT’s side of body (i.e. – his right or left, NOT yours.) Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric R/L iliac/inguinal R/L lumbar R/L hypochondriac
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QUADRANTS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC AREA
RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ Abdominopelvic area divided into four quadrants Assessment findings, organs, etc… are described by quadrant they are located in
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ORGANS IN 4 QUADRANTS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC AREA
RUQ - liver, gallbladder, part of pancreas, part of small & large intestine LUQ - liver, stomach, spleen, part of pancreas, part of small & large intestine RLQ - part of small & large intestine, R ovary, R fallopian tube, R ureter, appendix LLQ - part of small & large intestine, L ovary, L fallopian tube, L ureter
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REGIONS OF SPINAL COLUMN
Spinal column is divided into 5 regions Assessment finding & diagnoses are named by region & vertebrae number Cervical - neck area, vertebrae Thoracic - chest area, vertebrae Lumbar - waist area, vertebrae Sacral - 5 small bones fused into 1 bone Coccygeal - 4 bones fused into 1 bone
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POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS: BODY CAVITIES
Anterior (ventral) – front Posterior (dorsal) – back Body cavities: Ventral (anterior) cavities front of the body Dorsal (posterior) cavities in the back.
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Organs of the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities, anterior view.
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Organs of the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities, posterior view.
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POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS: BODY CAVITIES
Divisions of thoracic cavity
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POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS: BODY CAVITIES
Divisions of Abdominal cavity (side view). Notice the peritoneum, which is a membrane surrounding the organs in the abdominal cavity. The retroperitoneal area is behind the peritoneum and contains the kidneys.
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POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS:
Deep - away from surface Superficial - on the surface
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POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS:
Proximal - near point of attachment to trunk Distal - far from point of attachment to trunk
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POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS:
Superior - above another structure Inferior - below another structure
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POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS:
Medial: the middle, toward the middle Lateral: the side
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POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS:
Supine - lying on the back Prone - lying on the stomach
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Positional and directional terms.
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PLANES OF THE BODY: Frontal (coronal) - vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior plane Sagittal (lateral) - lengthwise vertical plane that divides the body into right & left sides Transverse (cross-sectional) - horizontal plane that divides the body into upper & lower portions
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Planes of the body. The figure is standing in the anatomical position with the palms of the hands facing outward & the 5th finger medial to the other fingers.
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