1. Clinical Nutrition Experimental
Choline administration attenuates aspects of the dystrophic pathology in mdx mice 
Francesca M. Alves, Marissa K. Caldow, Jennifer Trieu, Tim Naim, Magdalene K. Montgomery, Matthew J. Watt, Gordon S. Lynch, René Koopman 
Clinical Nutrition Experimental 
Volume 24, Pages (April 2019)
DOI: /j.yclnex
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2. Fig. 1
Choline improves diaphragm muscle histology in mdx mice.To investigate muscle structure, we examined: general structure (Haematoxylin and eosin; H & E), inflammation via a macrophage infiltration marker (CD68) and fibrosis (Van Gieson's staining; expressed as area fraction [fibrosis area/total muscle area]) (A). There was a significant decrease in macrophage infiltration (B) and fibrosis (C) in CHL compared to CON treated mdx mice. Complementary qPCR data (n = 12–20) revealed decreased markers of inflammation (D, Tnfα, F4/80 and Cd206) and fibrosis (E, Tgfβ3 and Col1a1). In (A) pink represents macrophage infiltration (CD68) or fibrosis (Van Gieson's), with nuclei stained blue. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 10 CON and n = 10 CHL). * denotes significant difference (P < 0.05) between treatment groups. Scale bar is 100 μm.
Clinical Nutrition Experimental  , 83-91DOI: ( /j.yclnex )
Copyright © 2018 The Authors Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Choline treatment increases maximal SERCA activity in quadriceps muscles of mdx mice.Choline treatment did not affect protein expression of SERCA 1 (A) or SERCA 2a (B; n = 14), but maximal SERCA activity was increased in CHL treated mice compared to control (C; n = 10). Complementary qPCR data conducted in the quadriceps muscles (n = 12–20) revealed decreased markers of inflammation (D, Tnfα, F4/80, Cd68 and Cd206) and fibrosis (E, Col3a1). Data were normalised to CON for ease of visualisation. Values are mean ± SEM. * denotes significant difference (P < 0.05).
Clinical Nutrition Experimental  , 83-91DOI: ( /j.yclnex )
Copyright © 2018 The Authors Terms and Conditions