1. Chapter 5
Tissues

2. Objectives
5.1.1 List 4 major tissue types and tell where each is located
5.2.2 Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissues
5.2.3 Name the types of epithelium, and or each type, id an organ in which that type is found
5.2.4 Explain how glands are classified

3. Introduction: A. Cells are arranged in tissues that
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Introduction:
A. Cells are arranged in tissues that
provide specific functions for the body.
B. The tissues of the human body include four major types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

4. Epithelial Tissues: widespread throughout body covers organs
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Epithelial Tissues:
A. General Characteristics
widespread throughout body
covers organs
lines body surfaces.
anchored to a basement membrane,
are made up of tightly packed cells,
generally lack blood vessels
are replaced frequently.

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3. Epithelial tissues function in protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensory reception.

6. Classification of Epithelial Tissues
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Classification of Epithelial Tissues
Grouped according to shape and number of layers
Squamous – thin, flattened cells
Cuboidal – cube-shaped
Columnar- elongated
Simple- single layer
Stratified- two or more layers

7. Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
suited for diffusion
functions in the exchange of gases in the lungs
lines blood and lymph vessels as well as body cavities.

9. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
functions in secretion and absorption in the kidneys
secretion in glands.

11. Simple Columnar Epithelium
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
It lines the uterus, stomach, and intestines where it protects underlying tissues, secretes digestive fluids, and absorbs nutrients.

12. Mucus-secreting goblet cells can be found among columnar cells.
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In the intestine, these cells possess microvilli that increase the surface area available for absorption.
Mucus-secreting goblet cells can be found among columnar cells.

13. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
These cells appear layered due to the varying positions of their nuclei within the row of cells, but are not truly layered.
Cilia may be present, along with mucus-secreting globlet cells, that line and sweep debris from respiratory tubes.

15. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
designed to protect underlying layers.
It makes up the outer layer of skin, and lines the mouth, throat, vagina, and anal canal.

16. In the skin, outer layers of cells undergo keratinization.
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In the skin, outer layers of cells undergo keratinization.
- skin cells harden and die
- does not happen when the cells stay moist (oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, & anal canal)

17. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Lines the lumen of the mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas.
greater protection than one single layer.

19. H. Stratified Columnar Epithelium
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H. Stratified Columnar Epithelium
1. This tissue consists of several layers of cells and is found in the vas deferens, part of the male urethra, and parts of the pharynx.

20. Transitional Epithelium
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Transitional Epithelium
designed to distend and return to its normal size, as it does in the lining of the urinary bladder.

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Glandular Epithelium
Cells designed to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids.
Glands that secrete products into ducts are exocrine; those that secrete into body fluids and blood are called endocrine.

23. Glands are classified by the ways the glands secrete their products.
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Glands are classified by the ways the glands secrete their products.
Merocrine glands release fluid products by exocytosis (pancreas)
Apocrine glands lose portions of their cell bodies during secretion (mammary glands).
Holocrine glands release entire cells (sebaceous glands).

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25. Objectives
5.1.1 List 4 major tissue types and tell where each is located
5.2.2 Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissues
5.2.3 Name the types of epithelium, and or each type, id an organ in which that type is found
5.2.4 Explain how glands are classified

26. Objectives
5.3.5 Compare and contrast the general cellular components, structures, fibers and extracellular matrix in each type of connective tissue
5.3.6 Explain the major functions of each type of connective tissue

27. Connective Tissues 5.3: A. General Characteristics
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Connective Tissues 5.3:
A. General Characteristics
bind, support, protect, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infection, and repair tissue damage.
have an abundance of extracellular matrix, or intercellular material, throughout, and have good blood supplies (except cartilage).

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B. Major Cell Types
1. fibroblast- (most common) fixed, star- shaped cell that secretes fibers and is large in size.
2. Wandering macrophages function as scavenger cells and defend against infection.
3. Mast cells - large and located near blood vessels where they release heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine.
Table 5.4

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C. Connective Tissue Fibers (produced by fibroblasts)
1.Strong collagenous fibers (white fibers), made of collagen, add strength for holding body parts together.
2.Elastic fibers (yellow fibers), made of elastin, are stretchy and add flexibility
3.Reticular fibers are thin collagenous fibers that form supportive networks .
Table 5.4

31. 2. Specialized connective tissue (cartilage, bone, blood)
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D. Connective Tissue
Two Main Types
1. Proper
Loose
Areolar, adipose, reticular
Dense
2. Specialized connective tissue (cartilage, bone, blood)

32. ex. skin and underlying organs.
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E. Loose Connective Tissue
Areolar
1. forms delicate, thin membranes throughout the body that bind body parts together
ex. skin and underlying organs.
2. fibroblasts cells that are separated by a gel-like ground substance that contains collagenous and elastic fibers.

34. Adipose tissue 1. loose connective tissue designed to store fat.
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Adipose tissue
1. loose connective tissue designed to store fat.
2. found beneath the skin, around joints, padding the kidneys and other internal organs, and in certain abdominal membranes.
**Average adult has billion fat cells!!

36. Reticular Connective Tissue
Composed of thin collagenous fibers
Provides the frame work for liver and spleen
Form a network … filter

37. F. Dense Connective Tissue
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F. Dense Connective Tissue
1. consists of densely packed collagenous fibers and is very strong but lacks a good blood supply.
2. It is found as part of tendons and ligaments.

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G. Specialized Connective Tissue
Cartilage
1. rigid connective tissue that provides a supportive framework for various structures. Heals slowly.
2. hyaline cartilage (most common) is found at the ends of bones, and supports respiratory passages.
3.Elastic cartilage external ears and parts of the larynx.
4.Fibrocartilage, provides a shock- absorbing function in intervertebral disks and in the knees and pelvic girdle.

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Bone
1. most rigid connective tissue, with deposits of mineral salts and collagen within the matrix.
2. supports the body, protects, forms muscle attachments and is the site for blood cell formation.

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3. Bone cells, called osteocytes, are arranged in concentric circles (osteons)
4. Bone has a good blood supply, enabling rapid recovery after an injury.

44. 2. It functions to transport substances throughout the body.
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I. Blood
1. Blood is composed of cells (red and white) suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma.
2. It functions to transport substances throughout the body.

45. Objectives
5.3.5 Compare and contrast the general cellular components, structures, fibers and extracellular matrix in each type of connective tissue
5.3.6 Explain the major functions of each type of connective tissue

46. Objectives 5.4.7 Distinguish among the four major types of membranes
5.5.8 Distinguish among the three types of muscle tissues
5.6.9 Describe the general characteristics and functions of nervous tissues

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Muscle Tissues:
A. General Characteristics
1. Muscle cells, or fibers, can contract and consist of three major types.

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B. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal muscle is attached to bone and can be controlled by conscious effort (voluntary).
2. The cells (muscle fibers) are long and cylindrical, striated, have many nuclei and contract from nervous impulse.

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C. Smooth Muscle Tissue
1. Smooth muscle tissue lacks striations, is uninucleate, and consists of spindle-shaped cells.
2. This involuntary muscle is found in the walls of internal organs, and in the digestive tract, blood vessels, and urinary bladder.

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D. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
1. Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the heart and consists of branching fibers that are connected to each other with intercalated disks.
2. This involuntary muscle has a single nucleus in each cell and is striated.

54. A. Nervous tissues are found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
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Nervous Tissues:
A. Nervous tissues are found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
B. Neurons, or nerve cells, conduct nervous impulses while helper cells, or neuroglia, support and nourish the neurons.

56. Types of membranes Epithelial membranes
Thin sheet like structures composed of epithelium and underlying connective tissues covering body surfaces and lining cavities
Three major types
Serous
Mucous
cutaneous

57. Serous membranes Line body cavities that do not open to the outside
Cells of membrane secret serous fluid which acts as a lubricant
Inner linings of thorax and abdomen

58. Mucous Membranes Line cavities and tubes that open to outside the body
Have goblet cells that secret mucous
Oral and nasal cavities, tubes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems

59. Cutaneous membrane
Aka skin

60. Objectives 5.4.7 Distinguish among the four major types of membranes
5.5.8 Distinguish among the three types of muscle tissues
5.6.9 Describe the general characteristics and functions of nervous tissues