1. Section 4 – pg 316 Life with Carbon
Chapter 8
Section 4 – pg 316
Life with Carbon

2. Pg 317
The four classes of organic compounds required by living things are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are nutrients
Nutrients: substances that provide the energy and raw materials the body needs to grow, repair worn parts, and function properly

3. Pg 317
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate: an energy-rich organic compound made of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Name means carbon combined with water

4. Simple Carbohydrates The simplest carbohydrates are sugars Pg 317
Glucose: C6H12O6
Sometimes called blood sugar because the body circulates glucose to all body parts through blood
Sucrose: C12H22O11
White sugar used in cookies, candies and soda
Is more complex than glucose

5. Complex Carbohydrates
Pg 318
Complex Carbohydrates
Complex Carbohydrate: a polymer made of smaller molecules that are simple carbohydrates bonded to one another
Starch and Cellulose are built from glucose but the arrangements are different

6. Pg 318
Starch
Starch: plants use this form of carbohydrate to store energy
Found in bread, cereal, pasta, rice and potatoes
When we digest starch we break it down into the individual glucose molecules
The energy released by breaking down starch allows the body to carry out life functions

7. Cellulose Cellulose: used by plants to build strong stems and roots
Pg 318
Cellulose
Cellulose: used by plants to build strong stems and roots
Found in fruits and vegetables
Our bodies cannot break down cellulose so passes through undigested
Also called fiber

8. Proteins Your muscles, hair, skin and fingernails are made of proteins
Pg 319
Proteins
Your muscles, hair, skin and fingernails are made of proteins
A bird’s feathers, a spider’s web, a fish’s scales and the horn of a rhino are also made of proteins

9. Chains of Amino Acids Pg 319
Proteins are polymers formed from combinations of monomers called amino acids
There are 20 kinds of amino acids
When different sequences of amino acids are linked together different proteins are made
Amino Acid: acid comes from the carboxyl group and the amino comes from the NH2

10. Food Proteins Become Your Proteins
Pg 319
The body uses proteins from food to build and repair body parts and to regulate cell activities
When digested proteins are broken into amino acids which can then be reassembled
Sources of protein: meat, fish, eggs, milk, milk products, nuts and beans

11. Pg 320
Lipids
Lipids: energy-rich compounds made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen that release twice as much energy as carbohydrates
Lipids mix poorly with water

12. Pg 320
Fats and Oils
Fats are found in food such as meat, butter and cheese
Oils are found in foods such as corn, sunflower seeds, peanuts and olives
Oils and fats have the same basic structure: made from three fatty acids and an alcohol named glycerol
Fats are solid at room temp, but oils are liquid at room temp

13. Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms
Pg 320
Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms
Unsaturated fats are found in oils
Monounsaturated fats have fatty acids with one double bond
Polyunsaturated oil have fatty acids with many double bonds

14. Cholesterol Cholesterol: a waxy substance found in animal cells Pg 320
Your body needs cholesterol to build cell structures and to form compounds that serve as chemical messengers
Cholesterol is not a source of energy
Your body can make cholesterol from other nutrients but cholesterol is also found in food from animals such as meat, cheese and eggs
Too much cholesterol in blood can contribute to heart disease

15. Pg 321
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids: very large organic molecules made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA: ribonucleic acid

16. Pg 322
Nucleotides
DNA and RNA are made of different kinds of small molecules connected in a pattern
Made of nucleotides

17. Pg 322
DNA and Proteins
Living things differ from one another because their DNA, and therefore their proteins, differ from one another
The cells in a hummingbird grow and function differently from the cells in a flower or in you

18. Pg 322
Other Nutrients
Living organisms are made of molecules consisting largely of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur
The molecules that make up organisms are usually large molecules, such as DNA, proteins, carbohydrates and fats
Organisms require water, vitamins, minerals, and salts to support the functioning of large molecules

19. Pg 322
Water
Water makes up most of your body’s fluids, including about 90% of the fluid in your blood
Nutrients and other important substances are dissolved in the watery part of blood and carried throughout the body

20. Pg 323
Vitamins
Vitamins: organic compounds that serve as helper molecules in a variety of chemical reactions in your body
Vitamin C: important for keeping skin and gums healthy
Vitamin D: helps your bones and teeth develop and stay strong

21. Minerals Minerals: elements in the form of ions needed by your body
Pg 323
Minerals
Minerals: elements in the form of ions needed by your body
Minerals are not organic compounds
Calcium, iron, iodine, sodium and potassium

22. Salts Salts are ionic compounds found in your body as dissolved ions
Pg 323
Salts
Salts are ionic compounds found in your body as dissolved ions
Sodium Chloride: help in the contraction of muscles and in the transmission of messages through nerves
Other salts are vital to the healthy growth of bones and teeth and keeping blood pH balanced

23. Chapter 8 Section 4 Homework – pg 323

24. 1A. What are the four main classes of organic compounds required by living things?

25. 1B. To what class of organic compounds does each of the following belong: glucose- RNA- cholesterol- cellulose- oil-

26. 1C. How is each class of organic compounds used by the body?

27. 1D. Compare the building blocks found in complex carbohydrates with those found in proteins.

28. 2A. What nutrients help support the functioning of large molecules in organisms?

29. 2B. Why does your body need water to survive?

30. 2C. How do vitamins and salts differ?