1. Nutritional needs

2. Nutrition : is the process by which the body uses food for energy , growth , and maintenance and repair of body tissues

3. -They regulate body processes ,
Nutrition functions
1-They provide energy for food processes and movement . 2-To build and repair the body tissue.
-They regulate body processes ,
4-Making essential substances such as enzymes and hormones .

4. The components that the body requires for health as
1-protein .
2-carbohydrate.
3-Fat.
4-Vitamins , including :
a-water-soluble vitamin {C,B}.
b-fat-soluble vitamin {A, 'E, D, and K).
5-minerals.
6- water.

5. Energy: heat produced by the oxidation of food.
Calorie : is the amount of heat necessary to rise the temp of one gram of water 1.
Basal metabolic rate { BMRJ : is the rate at the body metabolizes food to maintain the energy each gram of:
1-Carbohydrate after metabolized 4 {kcal
2-protein after metabolized 4 { kcal
3-Fat after metabolized 9 {kcal).

6. Daily basal needs = 1 calorie. weight ( kg). 24 + 0
Daily basal needs = 1 calorie * weight ( kg) * of the daily basal need = total caloric needs .
Example : assume a person weight 60kg .
1*60*24= of 1440= =2160

7. Factors effecting nutritional needs
I.Age & growth rate.
2.Body temp.
3.Body size.
4.Activity.
5.Environment.
6.Emotional status.
7-Disease.
8-Religion.
9-Soucio-economic & culture,

8. Role of nursing in nutrition:
1-Observation & recording pt's nutrition requirement.
2-Preparing pt's & environment for food.
3 -Help the pt to eat and taking fluid.
4-Teaching the pt's . about nutrition { over weight , malnourish –meat).

9. Types of diets in hospital pt's diets:
1-Regular or standard diet.
2-Light diet { differs from regular diet in the method of pre paring (simply cooked)).
3-Soft diet { the diets contains liquids & semi-liquids
4-Full liquid diet .
5-Special diets :
a-high-caloric diet.
b-Low -caloric diet. c-Diabetic diet.
d-Restricted sodium diet.
e-Low fat diet.
f-Low protein diet.
i-High protein diet.

10. Disorders affecting nutritional state: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting
Anorexia : loss of appetite or lack desire for food
Nausea : stomach adistress accompanied by an urge to vomit
Venting : the forceful explosion of gastric content through the stomach center controlling is located in medulla oblongata .

11. Factors causing anorexia, nausea & vomiting:
1-Chemical stimuli {drugs and other toxic substances}.
2-Impulses from cerebral cortex {strong emotions}.
3-Impulses arising from receptor in the viscera {inter gastrointestinal infection, irritating food}.

12. Signs & symptoms of nausea:
1-Faintness and weakness.
2-Salivation.
3-Pallor.
4-Perspiration.
5-Tacky cardiac.
6-Dizziness.
7-Headache.

13. Nursing care:
1-Bed rest.
2-Deep breathing. 3-N. R.O.
4-Anti-emetic drugs.

14. Signs & symptoms of vomiting:
I -Uncomfortable.
2-Show pallor.
3-Increase respiration.
4-Increase pulse at first then drop to below nonnal.
5-Decrease B.P.

15. Nursing care:
put patient on his side.
Suction the pt's as necessary.
Splint an abdominal wound with a binders.
Comfortable position .
Limit the pt's motion .
Limit the pt's intake.