1. An Introduction to Things Fall Apart

2. Chinua Achebe (Shin’wa Ach-ab-ba)
Born 1930 in Nigeria; died March 21st, 2013
Writes about the breakdown of traditional African Culture in the face of European Colonization in the 1800s.
Sought to educate his fellow Nigerians about their culture and traditions.

3. Author’s Purpose
His first novel, Things Fall Apart, depicts the confrontation between the Igbo people of Southeast Nigeria and the British who came to colonize them.
“Achebe tells the story from an African point of view, showing that the Igbo were not "savages” needing to be civilized, as the European conquerors believed, but intelligent human beings with a stable, ordered society and rich tradition.”

4. Author’s Background Achebe was raised as a devout Christian.
His father was a teacher in a missionary school.
Achebe recalls that his family called themselves “the people of the church” and thought of non-Christians – including Achebe’s uncle, who still practiced traditional religion – as “heathen” or “the people of nothing.”
Achebe later rejected this thought, along with his European name “Albert.”

5. Author’s Work
Achebe left during the Nigerian Civil War of Independence (1967) to travel Europe and America to educate people about the cause.
In 1990, a car accident in Nigeria leaves Achebe paralyzed. He accepts a position to teach college in New York state.
He extends his stay in the U.S., due to the military coups in Nigeria in 1993 and recent corruption in the government.

6. Achebe’s Style
Achebe blends a formal European style of writing (the novel) with African story-telling
He influenced other African writers and pioneered a new literary style using
Traditional idioms
Folk tales
Proverbs
Achebe is a “social novelist.” He believes in the power of literature to create social change.

7. Characters
Okonkwo: protagonist, hard working, wealthy farmer, strong leader, abusive
Ikemefuma: young boy from another village, lives with Okonkwo

8. Background on Nigeria History dates to Nok culture of 400 B.C.
The Niger River divides country into three major regions. The country is as large as Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi combined.

9. Nigeria

10. Background on Nigeria
There are over 100 million people in Nigeria today. The Igbo people are the third largest ethnic group.
The Igbo people live in the eastern region – where Things Fall Apart is set – near town of Onitsha.
The Yoruba live in the west and the Hausa-Fulani, an Islamic people, live in the north.

11. Background on Nigeria
Nigeria was a center of the European slave trade for many years – a dangerous and lucrative business.
It was colonized by Great Britain during the time of imperialism (18th and 19th centuries) and finally granted its independence by Great Britain in 1914.

12. Europe Colonizes Africa

13. Colonialism
The first Europeans to come into contact with the Igbo were the Portuguese in the 15th century, followed by the Dutch and the British in the 1800’s.

14. The Igbo
Third most populous ethnic group in Nigeria (16% of population)
Live in southeastern part of country in tropical rain forests (deal with rainy season and dry winds)
Subsistence farmers – raise their own crops:
Yam, cassava, taro, corn, etc.
Palm trees for oil and fiber
Crafts and manual labor also
provide income

15. Igbo Culture
It is a patriarchal society. Decision making involves males only
Men grow yams and women grow other crops
Live in villages based on male lineage – male heads of household all related on father’s side (approximately 5,000 people per clan)
Women go to live with husbands; prosperous men have 2 or 3 wives
Each wife lives in her own hut in the family compound

16. The Kola Nut
Kola nut comes from a plant which grows as a big tree in the tropical forests of Western Nigeria.
The kola nut is given as a symbol of hospitality, friendship and respect; and is presented to guests at important social events such as weddings, funerals, and infant naming ceremonies; as well as for medicinal purposes.

17. The kola nut is the fruit of the kola tree and contains caffeine, which is used as a flavoring ingredient in beverages.

18. The Yam
Yam production is hard labor, so it was considered a symbol of masculinity in the Igbo culture.
Yams increase family wealth and literally feed the family
Each year the Igbo had a yam festival (similar to Issaquah’s Salmon festival).

19. The New Yam Festival
Early August at the end of the rainy season and after the first harvest, to mark the beginning of a new year.
The night before the festival all old yams are consumed or discarded.
First yams are dedicated to the gods and then eaten by the Igwe (the eldest man), who is considered an intermediary between the community and the gods of the land.

20. The celebration is marked by yam dishes, parties, dances, wrestling matches etc.
The purpose of the festival is to give thanks to the gods.

21. Chickens and yam are sacrificed to the gods
Chickens and yam are sacrificed to the gods. The blood of the chickens is spread on the farms.
Yams were thought to bring wealth and renewal.

22. Other important Igbo products
Yams
Cassava
Taro
Palm products (major cash crop and exports)
Coal
Timber
Slave trade

23. Wrestling
An acknowledgement of skill and strength as well as promotion of indigenous language , culture , norms, values, and traditions by young, physically capable Igbo men. In Igbo Land a man is believed to prove his physical strength when he is able to fight off his aggressors and so wrestling shows strength and courage.

24. Used to determine the right groom in cases where a young woman has many suitors, in such cases a wrestling match is arranged where all the suitors battle it out and whoever emerges victorious marries the woman. 
Sometimes used to settle local disputes and conflicts between villages.

25. Igbo Images Traditional Obi – hut or family compound
under construction

26. Igbo Society No single leader, elders lead
Social mobility: Titles earned (not inherited). High value placed on individual achievement.
Hospitality very important
Some Igbos owned slaves captured in war or as payment for debt.
Proximity to West African ports means many Igbo were taken in slave trade

27. Ibo Religion Chukwu – supreme god, creator of world
The will of gods was revealed through oracles.
Each clan, village, and household had protective ancestral spirits
Chi – personal guardian spirit – affects one’s destiny, can be influenced through individual actions and rituals.
Egwugwu – masked, ancestral spirits of the clan who appear during certain rituals.
Ala or Ani is the Earth goddess and goddess of fertility, and creativity.

28. Death
Strong belief that the ancestors watched closely over the living, so appreciation for these spirits is important. It is against tribal law to speak badly of a spirit.
Funerals are elaborate, especially for important elders.
People who die shameful deaths, however, are not given burial rights; they are simply discarded.

29. Shameful deaths Women who die in labor
Children who die before they have teeth
Suicide
Those who die in the sacred month
Those that die an “appropriate” death are reincarnated ancestors called “Ndichi.”

30. Shameful births and/or shame to the village
Multiple births (considered typical of the animal world)
Children who were born with teeth (or whose upper teeth came first)
Babies born feet first
Boys with only one testicle
Leper
*All were killed and their bodies thrown away in secrecy.

31. Igbo Images
Villager performing
role of egwugwu

32. Igbo Images
Traditional dibia, a medicine man or healer.