1. TABLES and FIGURES
BIOL 4001

2. TABLES AND FIGURES
Results of scientific studies in both primary and secondary literature are summarized for presentation in appropriate Tables and Figures which should clearly show key findings.

3. Graph or Table?
If the data shows pronounced trends that would make an interesting picture, use a graph. If no such trends exist, use a table.

4. Graph or Table?
With graphs, differences between variables and groups are easily seen ("a picture is worth a thousand words”).

5. Graph or Table?
Tables are preferred for presenting exact numbers.

6. Graph or Table?
Tables can accommodate information that graphs cannot (such as lists of species with their collection sites).

7. General Rules for Tables and Figures
Tables and Figures appearing in a paper are numbered in the sequence by which they are referred, starting with Table 1 or Figure 1.
Both are referred to in the text.
Germination rates were significantly higher after 24 hr water soak than in the control (Fig. 1) .

8. General Rules for Tables and Figures
Figure is abbreviated Fig. Table is not abbreviated.
DNA sequence homologies for the purple gene from the four congeners (Table 1) show a strong similarity, differing at most by 4 base pairs.

9. General Rules for Tables and Figures
In addition to a name (Fig. X or Table Y), every figure or table has a title. The title goes above the body of the Table. Like titles of articles, they are a single, concise sentence. A legend goes below or beside a Figure. A legend may be one sentence or a few that concisely describe the figure.

10. Title

11. Legend

12. TABLES

13. Tables are essentially lists of numbers or text in columns, each having a column label (heading).

14. Tables are read from the top down
Tables are read from the top down. Lines of demarcation (rules) run horizontally but never vertically.

15. Footnotes are used to clarify points in the table, and go below the body of the table.

16. FIGURES

17. Figures include graphs, diagrams, photos, drawings, schematics, maps, etc. The term "Figure" is the correct name for all of these different pictorial presentations.

18. (more correctly placed in legend)

19. Descriptive Legends
Each figure will have an accompanying legend which describes the displayed results and should give other pertinent, clarifying information (key to abbreviations, sample size, statistical results, etc.).
Enough information must be given so that the figure can be understood without reading the paper.

20. Types of Graphs Line Graph
Plots of a series of related values that depict a change in Y as a function of X.
Shows trends and changes over time

21. Types of Graphs Bar Graph
Used to compare the value of a variable (usually a summary value such as a mean) among two or more groups of measurements
Often have error bars to show the SD or SEM for each group

22. Types of Graphs Histogram
A type of bar graph that shows the frequency of occurrence of data values for a sample variable.
Important in describing populations, e.g.,
size and age distributions

23. Types of Graphs Scatterplot
Plots plots of X,Y coordinates showing the relationship between two variables
Shows if the variables change in value together in a consistent way. In this example, tree height appears to be dependent upon age.

24. Types of Graphs Pie Chart
Ubiquitous in business and mass media, but rarely used in scientific publications because it is often difficult to compare different sections of a given chart to each other.
Numbers can be added (as in the example) to enhance readability

25. Dependent vs Independent Variable
The independent variable is the characteristic manipulated by the scientist (or nature) during the experiment. By convention, it is placed on the X axis.
The independent variable answers the question “What do I change?”.

26. Dependent vs Independent Variable
The dependent variable is the characteristic affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. By convention, it is placed on the Y axis.
The dependent variable answers the question “What do I observe?”.

27. Dependent variable
Independent variable