1. Social Structure Changes
Increased urbanization (page 622/623)
Migration to the cities
Increased living conditions
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
The second Industrial Revolution is usually dated between 1870 and 1914, although a number of its char- acteristic events can be dated to the 1850s. It is, however, clear that the rapid rate of pathbreaking inventions (macroinventions) slowed down after 1825, and picked up steam again in the last third of the century.
Coming as a result of the industrial revolution
Also result of migration for job opportunities
Living conditions improved so people could live their longer (city governments provided boards of health, created building regulations for running water and internal drainage for all new buildings
Ability to bring clean water and expel sewage
Fresh water needs were met by dams and reservoirs that stored water and aqueducts
Gas heaters nad later electric heaters (by 1860s+) helped make this available
Pic_ bulgaria 1860 (part of otomon empire at the time….city on the Danube River)

2. Experiences of women: Women started to get more job opportunities
Number of children in a family started to lessen
Women started fighting for rights
By 1800, women are defind by family and household roles
They remained legally inferior and economically dependent upon men
Second industrial revolution (movement to steel, chemicals, electricity, petroleum) (first was textiles, railroads, iron and coal)
Women gained from more service opportunities being available---plants and retail shops need clerks, typists, secretaries, file clerks, sales clerks, etc; government services increased: in health, educaiton, social services
Children per average woman dropped in number….a very significant development in the modern family; decline in birth rate was tied to improved economic conditions as well as increased birth control usage (1882, Europe’s first birth control clinic was founded in Amsterdam) (US in 1916)
Fought for rights in property, divorce, gain access to universities, male-dominated occupations
GB didn’t give women right to own property until 1870
1840s-1850s, the movement for women’s rights expanded as women called for equal political rights
First use of the word feminism (movement for women’s rights)
Before 1914, however, women had the right to vote in ony a few countries (Norway and Finland)…..and a couple states.
It would take the upheavel of WWI to make male-dominated governments give in on this issue

3. Universal primary education began
Begun because of continued industrial growth
Also because of growth in voting rights
Led to increased literacy and mass media
, most Western governmetns began to set up state-financed primary schools, boys and girls 6-12 required ages to attend, teacher training schools set up by the state as well
First indiustrial revolution had many unskilled people; second needed more training
Both boys and girls with an elementary education now had new job opportunities available (teaching, nursing, etc)
Wanting better educated voters
Increased presence of newspapers
Primary schools instilled patriotism
As people lost ties to local regions or religions, nationalism gave them a new faith
Compulsory elementary education created demand for teachers (mostly women)
First female colleges were teacher-training schools
Where there was less schooling, adults still lacked skills (79% of adults in serbia and russia could not read by 1900 because no schools there)

4. New forms of leisure developed
Amusement parks
Team sports
1886 University of Pennsylvania varsity team
Better efficiency in second industrial revolution meant more people had fee time (evenings, weekends, etc.)
Before, it had been festivals and fairs based on community participation
New leisure became standardized for largely passive audiences…..parks and sports were big businesses organized to make profits