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ES Semester 1 Review
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The principle of Superposition puts the youngest rock layers where?
At the top
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How does the age of an intrusion compare to the rock it cuts across
It’s younger
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Which formed first on earth- the ocean and atmosphere or life?
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Throughout Earth’s history, what has happened with the average temperature?
It’s changed
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Iron oxide in rocks is evidence that _______ was present in the atmosphere
oxygen
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The electromagnetic waves associated with different colors of light can be distinguished by their __________ frequencies
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The Cambrian explosion was an explosion of…
Life/diversity
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The force of gravity between two objects is determined by what 2 factors?
Mass and distance
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When Hydrogen fuses, it creates…
helium
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The sun is mostly made of what two elements?
Hydrogen and helium
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The oldest rock layer in an undisturbed rock sequence lays ____.
On the bottom
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The amount of time it takes for one-half of the original amount of an isotope to decay is known as its ____. Half-life
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When part of the rock record is destroyed, the erosional gap that forms is a(n) ____.
Unconfomity
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What common technique is used to determine the absolute age of a rock?
Radiometric dating
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Index fossils are useful to geologists if the fossils ____ and ____.
have lived over a short period of time Are widespread
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The principle of superposition can be used to determine the __________ age of a rock
relative
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About what percent of marine organisms went extinct at the Permian extinction at the end of the Paleozoic? 80-90% (85)
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Earth’s materials are arranged in layers, Why did they form layers like this?
density
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How long ago was the formation of the earth?
4.6-5 billion years ago (GA)
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Cyanobacteria use the process of ____ to produce energy, and oxygen is given off as a waste product.
Photosynthesis
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Plants that lived in swamps and marshes during the Carboniferous impact life on Earth today because they made which important resource? coal
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A rapid appearance of many new species of organism’s usually happens after a________.
Mass extinction
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What is the correct order of the following events. 1. birds appear 2
What is the correct order of the following events? 1. birds appear 2. flowering plants 3. dinosaurs appear 4. mammals appear 3,4,1,2
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What characteristic of radioactive decay makes it useful for determining the absolute age of samples? It is constant
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What type of radiometric dating is good for organic materials?
Radiocarbon
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The process by which volcanoes vent water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and other substances is called ____. outgassing
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What does GA mean? Giga anum/ billion years
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How does pressure impact a mineral?
Makes all the crystals align in one direction
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Name the 4 factors that affect crystal growth.
Space, temperature, pressure, seed crystal
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Name an evaporate mineral
Halite, gypsum, et…
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Seed crystals change mineral growth because...
They provide a blueprint for growth
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Silver, gold, and copper have shiny surfaces and thus are said to have ____ luster.
Metallic
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how is the frequency and the wavelength of electromagnetic waves related?
As wavelength decreases, frequency increases.
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What force draws the matter in an interstellar cloud together to form a star?
gravity
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The changes that occur in an experiment that are directly caused by the experimenter (you) are called ___________. Independent variables
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This variable MUST be measurable.
Dependent variables
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Name for earth’s sphere that includes All organisms on Earth and the environments in which they live
biosphere
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Name for earth’s sphere that includes The rigid outer shell of Earth
Lithosphere/ geosphere
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Name for earth’s sphere that includes The water in Earth's oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and glacier
Hydrosphere
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Name for earth’s sphere that includes The blanket of gases that surround Earth
atmosphere
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On a map, what line is at 0º latitude, splits the Earth in half?
Equator
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On a map, what line is at 0º longitude and goes through greenwich England?
Prime meridian
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