1. ES Semester 1 Review

2. The principle of Superposition puts the youngest rock layers where?
At the top

3. How does the age of an intrusion compare to the rock it cuts across
It’s younger

4. Which formed first on earth- the ocean and atmosphere or life?

5. Throughout Earth’s history, what has happened with the average temperature?
It’s changed

6. Iron oxide in rocks is evidence that _______ was present in the atmosphere
oxygen

7. The electromagnetic waves associated with different colors of light can be distinguished by their __________
frequencies

8. The Cambrian explosion was an explosion of…
Life/diversity

9. The force of gravity between two objects is determined by what 2 factors?
Mass and distance

10. When Hydrogen fuses, it creates…
helium

11. The sun is mostly made of what two elements?
Hydrogen and helium

12. The oldest rock layer in an undisturbed rock sequence lays ____.
On the bottom

13. The amount of time it takes for one-half of the original amount of an isotope to decay is known as its ____.
Half-life

14. When part of the rock record is destroyed, the erosional gap that forms is a(n) ____.
Unconfomity

15. What common technique is used to determine the absolute age of a rock?
Radiometric dating

16. Index fossils are useful to geologists if the fossils ____ and ____.
have lived over a short period of time
Are widespread

17. The principle of superposition can be used to determine the __________ age of a rock
relative

18. About what percent of marine organisms went extinct at the Permian extinction at the end of the Paleozoic?
80-90% (85)

19. Earth’s materials are arranged in layers, Why did they form layers like this?
density

20. How long ago was the formation of the earth?
4.6-5 billion years ago (GA)

21. Cyanobacteria use the process of ____ to produce energy, and oxygen is given off as a waste product.
Photosynthesis

22. Plants that lived in swamps and marshes during the Carboniferous impact life on Earth today because they made which important resource?
coal

23. A rapid appearance of many new species of organism’s usually happens after a________.
Mass extinction

24. What is the correct order of the following events. 1. birds appear 2
What is the correct order of the following events? 1. birds appear 2. flowering plants 3. dinosaurs appear 4. mammals appear
3,4,1,2

25. What characteristic of radioactive decay makes it useful for determining the absolute age of samples?
It is constant

26. What type of radiometric dating is good for organic materials?
Radiocarbon

27. The process by which volcanoes vent water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and other substances is called ____.
outgassing

28. What does GA mean?
Giga anum/ billion years

29. How does pressure impact a mineral?
Makes all the crystals align in one direction

30. Name the 4 factors that affect crystal growth.
Space, temperature, pressure, seed crystal

31. Name an evaporate mineral
Halite, gypsum, et…

32. Seed crystals change mineral growth because...
They provide a blueprint for growth

33. Silver, gold, and copper have shiny surfaces and thus are said to have ____ luster.
Metallic

34. how is the frequency and the wavelength of electromagnetic waves related?
As wavelength decreases, frequency increases.

35. What force draws the matter in an interstellar cloud together to form a star?
gravity

36. The changes that occur in an experiment that are directly caused by the experimenter (you) are called ___________.
Independent variables

37. This variable MUST be measurable.
Dependent variables

38. Name for earth’s sphere that includes All organisms on Earth and the environments in which they live
biosphere

39. Name for earth’s sphere that includes The rigid outer shell of Earth
Lithosphere/ geosphere

40. Name for earth’s sphere that includes The water in Earth's oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and glacier
Hydrosphere

41. Name for earth’s sphere that includes The blanket of gases that surround Earth
atmosphere

42. On a map, what line is at 0º latitude, splits the Earth in half?
Equator

43. On a map, what line is at 0º longitude and goes through greenwich England?
Prime meridian