1. The Western Democracies

3. Postwar Problems
War shook people’s confidence in Enlightenment belief that problems would be solved through the use of reason and technology
Not all nationalist groups were satisfied
Europe saw Bolshevism as a threat
Germany opposed Versailles terms
Europe lacked strong leaders when they needed them most

4. In Pursuit of Peace Locarno Agreements 1925 solved border disputes
Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 renounced war as an instrument of nat’l policy yet there was no way to enforce this
Nations agreed to discuss “disarmament” but couldn’t decide how much
Great faith was put into LON but that too was powerless to stop aggression

5. Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928

6. Disturbances to Peace Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931
Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935
Germany reoccupies the Rhineland 1936
The LON did nothing to stop it – had no way to stop it.
LON was seen as weak without US participation

8. Economic Collapse US emerged as strongest econ power
American bank loans kept European economies afloat
Dawes Plan
Overproduction was key problem due to strong demand during war & improved technology
However demand fell after the war & imbalance emerged
Led to closing of factories and lost of jobs

9. The 1929 Crash Stocks rose thru-out the 1920s
Many bought stocks on margin
When brokers called in their loans & couldn’t pay this led to panic sellling & eventually the Black Tuesday crash.
This triggered the Great Depression although this was not the only cause of it
US banks also bought stocks so many of the banks that used to loan Europe % also collapsed.

10. Global Impact of Depression
US banks could no longer loan
Jobless could not consume products
Factories therefore laid off workers
Unemployed lost homes & stood in bread lines and ate in soup kitchens
US passed highest tariff in its history (Smoot-Hawley tariff)
This kept European goods outside of US
Europe retaliated and kept US goods out

13. Impact of Tariff Wars All countries were hurt by these tariff wars
All lost access to international markets
As trade declined, unemployment worldwide increased
Many lost hope in democratic government & capitalist system
This was fertile ground for radical ideologies such as Communism
Rightwing extremists would appeal to nat’lm & virtues of authoritarian rule

14. Britain in Postwar Era
Brit emerged from the war deeply in debt with much of its overseas trade lost
Factories were out of date
Unemployment rose
Wages remained low which led to strikes
The 1926 General Strike involved 3 million workers & lasted 9 days
Labor party won elections & was moving toward socialism

16. General Strike 1926 Paralyzed the British Economy

18. British Middle Class Supported conservatives who feared Communists
After the general strike laws were passed to limiting the workers’ right to strike
Great Depression exacerbated Brit’s problems
Gov formed coalition gov with leaders from all 3 major parties
Gov provided some direct relief to people

19. Irish Flag

20. Irish Independence Irish demanded independence or Home Rule
When Brits failed to grant home rule in 1919 civil war erupted in Ireland.
Members of the Irish Republican Army carried out a guerilla war
In 1922 most of Ireland became independent (Eire)
Northern Ireland that was predominantly Protestant remained British

21. Commonwealth of Nations
1931 all former colonies became self-governing dominions within the Commonwealth of Nations.
They maintain economic & cultural ties.

22. Britain, France & Scandivania
Faced enormous economic challenges after the War.
Strikes
Unemployment
Political unrest
These govs all weathered the crises and democracy was preserved. Not so in Germany & Italy which will become fascist.

23. Maginot Line This was France’s postwar defense policy.
Created false sense of security.
Nazis will simply bypass it during WWII which will humiliate the Fremch

29. Boom & Bust in the US Overproduction/underconsumption Stocks on margin
Black Tuesday, Great Crash

31. Hoovervilles USA

32. The New Deal
FDR pursued deficit spending to accomplish his 3 “Rs” Relief, recovery and reform.
New laws regulated the Stock Market and banking
New programs put millions back to work
Social security provided pensions to elderly
Did not end the Depression but eased the suffering.

33. Elements of Fascism Militant political movement
Demanded political obedience to the state
Extreme form of nationalism.
Authoritarian, one-party states
Expansionist
No defined theory or ideology like the Communists had
Fascists wore uniforms, used special salutes & held mass rallies
Censorship

34. Fascism continued Indoctrination Secret police Racist
Economic functions controlled by the state but usually with cooperation industrialists

35. How Fascism & Communism are similar
Ruled by dictators, one-party rule
Denied individual rights
State was supreme
No democracy or basic civil rights

36. How Fascism & Communism are different
Fascists did not seek “classless” society
Fascists believed each class had its place & function
Fascists were made up of aristocrats & industrialists, war veterans & lower middle classes.
Fascists were nationalists where Communists were internationalists seeking hoping to launch world revolution among workers.