1. Mutation: Some Definitions
A heritable change in the genetic material
Mutations may be neutral, beneficial, or harmful
Mutagen: Agent that causes mutations
Spontaneous mutations: Occur in the absence of a mutagen

2. Summary of Mutation Types
Run-on mutation
Stop codon lost so protein is extra long
(can also produce nonsense and run-ons)

3. Mutation: Insertions and Deletions
THEBIGCATATETHERAT
THEBIGCBATATETHERAT
Figure 8.17a, d

4. Mutation: Base Substitution (Point Mutations)G G C C
Glu
(a) Silent mutation
(d) Run-on mutation

5. Steps in Translation of mRNA
Initiation, Elongation, Termination
Mutation(Permanent, heritable DNA changes)
Point mutation (base substitutions)
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation (premature stop)
Silent mutation
Insertions/deletions
Frameshift mutation
Dramatic change in amino acids
Run-ons, premature stops (nonsense mut.)