1. The War Ends
Top-left is Richmond. The top-right is ruins of Petersburg Bridge in Norfolk, VA. Bottom-right is navy yard at Norfolk, VA. The bottom left is in Charleston, SC.

2. Total War Gen. Grant named commander of the Union army in March 1864
Grant’s strategy
Pursue Lee in Virginia
Gen. Sherman push to the Atlantic coast
Sherman uses total war to cut a path 60 miles wide and 300 miles long through Georgia
His success aids in Lincoln’s victory in the election of 1864
Breaks the spirit of the South

3. Main Battles Battle Date State Leaders N/S V & I May 4 – 6, 1864
The Wilderness
May 4 – 6, 1864
Virginia
Grant
Lee
Confederate victory, but Union did not retreat and kept pressing Lee

6. Wilderness Campaign
Both forces fought in a mangle of trees and brush so thick it was difficult to see each other
Union lost 17,000 men
Grant vowed not to retreat
June 1864, at Petersburg they dug trenches and fought for 10 months
On April 3, 1865 they took Richmond, the Confederate capital
Confederates attempted to burn it
The top picture is from the Wilderness Campaign, those are skulls. The bottom picture is the capital building in Richmond.

7. Painting of the Wilderness Campaign

8. Main Battles Battle Date State Leaders N/S
Victor & importance of outcome
Atlanta
July 16 – Sept 2, 1864
Georgia
Sherman
Hood
Union captured the “heart of the South” launched the “march to the sea” leading to total war

11. Picture of Richmond, the army actually tried to burn the city to keep it from being taken. The capital building is noticeable at the center of the picture.

12. Top picture is a panoramic view of the city of Richmond from across the James River. The other pictures are from Richmond as well.

14. Lincoln’s 2nd Inauguration
March 4, 1865
Cold, windy, rainy day in Washington, D.C.
Lincoln spoke in front of the Capital building
Dome was complete
John Wilkes Booth was an invited guest
Recalled the major cause of the war
Vowed to restore peace and unity
“With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan--to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.”

16. Surrender @ Appomattox Courthouse
CONFEDERATE LINES BREAK ON APRIL 2, 1865
LEE RETREATS WEST OF RICHMOND
UNION BLOCKED HIS ESCAPE ROUTE
“There is nothing left for me to do but go & see General Grant, & I would rather die a thousand deaths.” 16

17. Main Battles Battle Date State Leaders N/S V & I April 9, 1865
Appomattox Courthouse
April 9, 1865
Virginia
Grant
Lee
Lee signs the Unions terms of surrender; Confederates were allowed to return home with property (except weapons)

18. Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, April 9, 1965

19. Surrender @ Appomattox Courthouse
LEE SURRENDERED TO GRANT
CONFEDERATES SENT HOME WITHOUT WEAPONS
“I felt like anything rather than rejoicing at the downfall of a foe who had fought so long and valiantly…though [the cause]…[was] one of the worst for which a people ever fought, and one which there was the least excuse. I do not question the sincerity of the great mass of those who were opposed to us.”
JEFFERSON DAVIS CAPTURED ON MAY 10
AND THE CIVIL WAR OFFICIALLY ENDS! 19

20. Cost of the War Deadliest war in American history Economic Costs
Casualties
Union
Confederacy
Death from wounds
110,070
94,000
Death from disease
249,458
164,000
Total death rate
23 percent
24 percent
Wounded
275,175
100,000 (approx.)
Deadliest war in American history
620,000 dead
535,000 wounded
3,000,000 served
About 10% of the population
North and South combined spent more than 5 times the spent in the previous 8 DECADES
Economic Costs
Federal loans and taxes to finance the war totaled $2.6 billion = $36.5 billion today
Federal debt on June 30, 1865 rose to $2.7 billion = almost $37 billion today
Confederate debt ran over $700 million = $9 billion today
Union inflation reached 179% by 1865
Confederate inflation rose to 9,000%

21. Constitutional Amendment
The Union Army marched through the South and released slaves
The officers read the Emancipation Proclamation at each plantation
Jan – Lincoln urged Congress to end slavery
The 13th Amendment passed in 1865
Ended slavery in America
By year’s end, 27 states (8 in the South) ratified it

22. Lincoln Assassinated Lincoln was shot 5 days after the surrender
While watching a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C.
Shot by a Confederate supporter, John Wilkes Booth
Booth jumped onto the stage and escaped
Broke his leg in the process

23. Assassination
Sec. of State William Seward was stabbed, he later recovered
Vice Pres. Andrew Johnson was supposed to be assassinated
Booth was tracked and killed
The other conspirators were hanged or imprisoned
Bottom picture is the hanging of Harry Wirtz, one of the conspirators. The top picture is the other conspirators.

24. Aftermath Lincoln died the next morning
The bullet could not be removed from his brain
First president to be assassinated
Vice Pres. Andrew Johnson was sworn in as President of the U.S.
Funeral procession for President Lincoln
Victory parade after the surrender

25. Cause and Effect of the Civil War
Causes
Immediate Effects
Conflict over slavery in the territories
Abolition of slavery
Economic differences between the North and South
Devastation of the South
Failure of Congress to compromise
Reconstruction of the South
Election of Lincoln as president
Long-Term Effects
Growth of industry
Secession of Southern states
Government more powerful
Firing on Fort Sumter
Nation reunited