1. Do-Now: Do you agree or disagree with Trevlelyn. Why?
The turning point at which history failed to turn.
--- George Macaulay Trevelyn [1937]

2. Why did the 1848 Revolutions Fail?
They failed to attract popular support from the working classes.
The middle classes led these revolutions, but as they turned radical, the middle class held back.
Nationalism divided more than united.
Where revolutions were successful, the Old Guard was left in place and they turned against the revolutionaries.
Some gains lasted [abolition of serfdom, etc.]
BUT, in the long term, most liberal gains would be solidified by the end of the 19c:
The unification of Germany and Italy.
The collapse of the Hapsburg Empire at the end of World War I.

3. The Bottom Line It looked like the Conservative forces had triumphed.
BUT…
Things had changed forever.
Economic/social problems continued to be constant challenges to the ruling order.
Conservatives would have to make concessions in order to stay in power.
Many of the limited Liberal achievements remained permanent.

4. Advances in Philosophy
The “Hegelian Dialectic”
History advances through conflict.
One phase of history creates its opposite [ex: absolutism to democracy].
George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel [ ]

5. Romanticism
Artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe
It was partly a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.
it also attempted to embrace the exotic, unfamiliar, and distant
Stressed strong emotion

6. Egide Charles Gustave Wappers, Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830, 1834, Musée d'Art Ancien, Brussels

7. Neoclassical

8. Paris: To the Barricades Again!

9. An example of Neoclassical Architecture: the Yorkshire Museum, England

10. Neo-Gothic Architecture:Notable Neo-Gothic edifices: top: Palace of Westminster, London; left: Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh; right: Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk, Ostend.

12. Baroque music

13. Look at your primary source document.
Who created it?
How does it show evidence of Romanticism?
How does it reflect nationalist or liberal beliefs?
Did this effectively express the ideas and feelings of its time? Why/why not?