1. Quantitative Methods Categorical Data

2. The Poisson Distribution

3. Categorical Data The Poisson Distribution Items Containers Radioactive decays Telephone calls begun Fig trees Fleas Typing mistakes Second Minute Hectare Cat Page

4. Categorical Data The Poisson Distribution

5. Categorical Data The Poisson Distribution

6. Categorical Data The Poisson Distribution Variance increase with mean. Indeed, variance=mean for a Poisson distribution. This will be important later in the lecture.

7. Categorical Data The Poisson Distribution Items Containers Radioactive decays Telephone calls begun Fig trees Fleas Typing mistakes Second Minute Hectare Cat Page Assumptions that guarantee a Poisson distribution of items across containers: (1) Independence of items (2) Homogeneity of containers

8. Categorical Data The Poisson Distribution

9. Categorical Data What is categorical data?

10. Categorical Data What is categorical data? 1. There are 952 datapoints 2. They must be independent

11. Categorical Data What is categorical data? Small Large Yellow Blue 1. There are 952 datapoints 2. They must be independent

12. Categorical Data What is categorical data? Caterpillar 1 Caterpillar 2 Plant 1 Plant 2 1. There are 952 datapoints 2. They must be independent

13. Categorical Data What is categorical data? Training Procedure 1 Training Procedure 2 Test 1 Test 2 1. There are 952 datapoints 2. They must be independent

14. Categorical Data Dispersion test

15. Categorical Data Dispersion test

16. Categorical Data Dispersion test Species A is under-dispersed Species B is over-dispersed

17. Categorical Data Contingency tables

18. Categorical Data Contingency tables

19. Categorical Data Contingency tables

20. Categorical Data Contingency tables and orthogonality

21. Categorical Data Contingency tables and orthogonality Variety Sowrate:12 133 233 333 433 Number of plots at each treatment combination.

22. Categorical Data Contingency tables and orthogonality Treatments Blocks:1234 1244612446 2122321223 3244632446 4366943669 Number of plots at each treatment combination.

23. Categorical Data Contingency tables by GLM

24. Categorical Data Contingency tables by GLM 2 Pr(X>x)=0.7995, similar to contingency table test

25. Categorical Data Contingency tables by GLM If we accept the Poisson hypothesis:

26. Categorical Data Contingency tables by GLM If we dont accept the Poisson hypothesis:

27. Categorical Data Contingency tables by GLM The GLM main effects have parallel categorical analyses too:

28. Last words… Be sure you can tell whether a dataset is categorical Chi-square methods apply to simple cases GLM methods can also be used, and are linked For many situations, Generalised Linear Models (in this case Logistic Regressions or Log-Linear Models) are needed Nonparametric Tests Read handout Categorical Data