1. Database Design
Sections 12 & 15 - Introduction to Application Express (APEX) SQL editor, Introduction to SQL statements

2. Using APEX SQL editor
You may either type the command into the SQL editor or use the cut and paste option
If you are going to cut/paste the command copy the command from the word document into NotePad. This will drop out hidden characters.
Next copy the command from the NotePad into the editor
Have student open/save the Basic SQL commands in section 0 for section 12 in the additional resources sections. Point out the Apex guide is also available there. They may also want to download the music.sql script file onto their USB drives.
Point out the following links/documents in section 15 that they should download.
Students should also print out the excel sheet for the 3 main tables in APEX from the website. These include the database tables and ERD’s. Also download from my website the data for the tables in an excel worksheet. This is available in the student resources section.
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3. Enter SQL command
Change the Display function to a number larger than 10. This will allow all records of a table or query to be displayed.
Enter the above text into the APEX SQL editor to create a table called Music.
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4. Display the Table structure
Enter the following command:
DESCRIBE music;
The structure of the table should be shown.
Results on next slide
Slide 5: Tell Me /Show Me – The DESCRIBE command displays the structure …
Syntax- The rules governing the formation of statements in a programming language. Write the DESCRIBE music syntax and ask students to enter the SQL command. Discuss what the statement means and what it returns. Run command. Review APEX where you see tables etc.
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5. Music Table Structure MUSIC table: Row – describes a music (instance)
Column – attribute of each employee
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6. Select command structure
SELECT field1, field2, field3 FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Try the following command SELECT employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id FROM employees;
SELECT employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id FROM employees WHERE department_id = 90;
Try the above commands
Slide 6: Tell Me /Show Me – The SELECT * command returns all the rows… Write the SELECT * FROM music syntax on the board. Ask students to enter the SQL command. Discuss what the statement means and what it returns.
Select clause limits the columns displayed
Slide 7: Tell Me /Show Me – To return a subset of the data, modify the SELECT … Explain that the <condition> often takes the form of column name + operator (=, >, <, IS NULL, IS NOT NULL, etc.).
Where limits the rows displayed.
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7. Resulting Screen
First add a record or two into the Music table. The Insert command needed is shown in the command file for this presentation. Then run the command above.
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8. SQL DESCRIBE DESCRIBE <table name>;
DESCRIBE employees; Try the last statement.
How many rows are returned? 20
Note: you only see 10 records if you did not change the display option on APEX prior to running this command.
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9. Inserting Data
INSERT INTO tablename (column1, column2,....) VALUES(value1,value2,...);
Remember character data needs to be enclosed in single quotes.
Slide 8: Tell Me /Show Me – Using the INSERT command, you can add a row … Ask what would happen if you tried to insert a row with values (9, ‘ERIC CLAPTON’, ‘ROCK’).
Answer: You would get an error because there is already a row with musicid = 9. Musicid is the primary key of the table and must be unique.
Refer to the handout of basic SQL commands and populate the table. This is part of your homework assignment.
Put in a record of your own See the example In the command file for this presentation.
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10. Insert Data Note the data types for each column
Inserting data into the table.
Since the table is empty all fields need to be populated, so column names can be omitted
INSERT INTO music VALUES (10,'Marge Hohly','Folk');
This will insert one record into the table
Next display the contents of the table to view the data
SELECT * FROM music;
Point out format and structure:
Reserved words all caps
Fields (attributes) lower case
End with ;
Single quotes = text data
No quotes = numeric data
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11. Insert Data into table
INSERT INTO <table name> VALUES (value 1, value 2, value 3, etc);
INSERT INTO music VALUES (10,'Marge Hohly','Folk');
Ask what would happen if you tried to insert a row with values (9, ‘ERIC CLAPTON’, ‘ROCK’).
Answer: You would get an error because there is already a row with musicid = 9. Musicid is the primary key of the table and must be unique.
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12. Typical error messages
The following statement has a spelling error:
SELCT * FROM employees; The error message is:       ORA-00900: invalid SQL statement
The following statement incorrectly names the table employee instead of employees:
SELECT * FROM employee; The error message is:       ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
Run the correct statement.
SELECT *
FROM employees;
Slide 1: Anatomy of a SQL Statement
What to Watch For
This may be a student's first time using SQL. Insist on a standard for coding statements and demonstrate it early in this lesson. If you want statements of separate lines, show students your standard.
At the beginning, students will be frustrated when their queries don't return what they expected. It is helpful to code several incorrect SQL queries and demonstrate what error messages are returned. This will help students become more independent and help reduce the "it doesn't work" statements.
For instance:
The following statement has a spelling error: SELCT * FROM employees The error message is: ORA-00900: invalid SQL statement The following statement incorrectly names the table employee instead of employees:
SELECT * FROM employee
The error message is: ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
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13. Subset of data WHERE clause
SELECT <column name 1, column name 2, etc.> FROM <table name> WHERE <condition>;
SELECT first_name, last_name, salary FROM employees WHERE salary > 5000;
13.1.5
Explain that the <condition> often takes the form of column name + operator (=, >, <, IS NULL, IS NOT NULL, etc.)."
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14. ALTER table structure
ALTER TABLE <table name> ADD (<new_column_name> <data type>);
Try to modify the structure of the MUSIC table
Add a column (which you will misspell) COUNTRI instead of COUNTRY).
ALTER TABLE my_music ADD (countri );
You may want to demonstrate this on your computer if you can share your screen with the students. Add a column to the MUSIC table using the ALTER TABLE command, -- but misspell the column (e.g., COUNTRI instead of COUNTRY).
Slide 2: What Will I Learn?
Add Column: Mention that this type of change to a table is different from adding or removing data. You’re changing the structure. This is called DDL (data definition language -- you’ll learn more about this in SQL). it’s good to mention this at this point so that, when students hear it later, it will be familiar.
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15. Deleting a column from a table
ALTER TABLE <table name> DROP COLUMN <column_name>;
Now delete the column (COUNTRI) you just added.
Display the structure first to show misspelled column.
ALTER TABLE my_music
DROP COLUMN countri;
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16. Deleting a row
DELETE from <table name> WHERE <column_name> = 'some value' ;
DELETE from music WHERE musicid = 10;
DELETE from music WHERE type = ‘Folk’;
Point out that numbers do not require quotes around them (example: 10), but text does (example: ‘ERIC CLAPTON’).
Note the case of the value of the table data. Mixed case, all upper case
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17. Database Facts
Currently 20% of the world's data resides in relational DBMSs.
In the next two years, databases are expected to grow larger than 100 terabytes. A database this big would be able to store 100,000 copies of the Encyclopedia Britannica or 200,000 hours of music or about 10 billion web pages.
The top 10 world's largest databases using the Oracle DBMS are:
France Telecom, 29.2TB -- a communications company (a TB is a terabyte equivalent to 1,000 gigabytes)
Amazon.com with, 13 TB -- selling books and merchandise
The Claria Corporation,12TB -- Internet behavioral marketing company tracking Internet user behavior
Database facts are a bit old so they should be updated.
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18. Oracle Facts
One of Oracles first customers was the CIA, for which they created a relational database management system.
Much of Oracles early success was owed to picking up IBM as a major customer.
2nd half of the ‘90s was spend retooling Oracle products in line with that online strategy (the internet)
Ellison said in 1998: “If the internet turns out not to be the future of computing, we’re toast. But if it is, we’re golden.”
Oracle was the first enterprise software to fully embrace the Java Programming language back in 1998.
Oracle has purchased 57 different companies in the last 5 years.
The buying frenzy was launched with the $10.3 billion acquisition of PeopleSoft in 2005, which put Oracle squarely in the ERP software fray.
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19. Oracle Facts
The latest mega-purchase: Sun Microsystems, a $7.4 billion acquisition due to close this year if regulators don't object.
Oracle today now has 345,000 customers worldwide.
Oracle employs more than 73,201 people around the globe.
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20. Application Express SQL editor
The SQL course will use the three following sets of database tables for examples and practice exercises.
Oracle tables: COUNTRIES, REGIONS, DEPARTMENTS, EMPLOYEES, JOBS, JOB_HISTORY AND JOB_GRADES
DJs on Demand database tables: D_CDS, D_PACKAGES, D_TYPES, D_THEMES, D_CLIENTS, D_VENUES, D_SONGS, D_TRACK_LISTINGS, D_PARTNERS, D_EVENTS, D_PLAY_LIST_ITEMS, D_JOB_ASSIGNMENTS
Global Fast Foods database tables: F_CUSTOMERS, F_REGULAR_MENUS, F_PROMOTIONAL_MENUS, F_SHIFTS, F_STAFFS, F_FOOD_ITEMS, F_ORDERS, F_ORDER_LINES, F_SHIFT_ASSIGNMENTS
Print out these tables for your reference when using the Application Express editor
These tables are available on the Student Resource web page for this class
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21. Review the tables
There are six properties of tables in a relational database:
Property 1: Entries in columns are single-valued.
Property 2: Entries in columns are of the same kind.
Property 3: Each row is unique.
Property 4: Sequence of columns is insignificant.
Property 5: Sequence of rows is insignificant.
Property 6: Each column has a unique name.
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22. Categories of SQL Statements
Data manipulation language (DML) statements
Begin with INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, or MERGE
Used to modify the table by entering new rows, changing existing rows, or removing existing rows.
Data definition language (DDL) statements set up, change, and remove data structures from the database.
The keywords CREATE, ALTER, DROP, RENAME, and TRUNCATE begin DDL statements.
Transaction control (TCL) statements are used to manage the changes made by DML statements.
Changes to the data are executed using COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT. TCL changes can be grouped together into logical transactions.
Data control language (DCL)
keywords GRANT and REVOKE are used to give or remove access rights to the database and the structures within it.
Data retrieval -- Check the balance of a checking/savings account.
Data manipulation -- Change an address that the bank uses to notify a customer that an online bank statement has been posted.
Data definition -- Create a new online account; the bank can alter data in an account or drop an account that is delinquent.
Transaction control language -- Arrange to have a bill paid online and then decide later to change the date originally set for payment. Online bill paying usually has a SUBMIT(COMMIT) option after several transactions have been entered.
Data control language -- The bank can revoke an overdrawn account or a credit card issued for failure to make the payment obligations. The bank can grant other users access to an account if requested by the owner of the account.
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23. Questions
The Fast Foods database consists of how many tables? ____ tables
How is the F_SHIFTS table related to the F_STAFFS table?
What are the names of the columns in the F_CUSTOMERS table?
How many rows of data have been entered in the F_PROMOTIONAL_MENUS table?
In the F_FOOD_ITEMS table, column _________ is a foreign-key column. What table and column is this key referencing?
List the primary key to foreign key relationships required to go from the F_SHIFTS table to the F_REGULAR_MENUS table.
Which table(s) contain null values?
1. The Global Fast Foods database consists of how many tables? _9___tables
2. How is the F_SHIFTS table related to the F_STAFFS table? The code column in F_SHIFTS to the code column in F_SHIFT_ASSIGNMENTS to id in F_SHIFT_ASSIGNMENT to id in F_STAFFS
3. What are the names of the columns in the F_CUSTOMERS table? id, first_name, last_name, address, city, state, zip, phone_number
4. How many rows of data have been entered in the F_PROMOTIONAL_MENUS table? 2
5. In the F_FOOD_ITEMS table, column _regular_code__ is a foreign-key column. What table and column is this key referencing? F_REGULAR_MENUS code column
6. List the primary key to foreign key relationships required to go from the F_SHIFTS table to the F_REGULAR_MENUS table.
In Application Express SQL Workshop view, click the Tables icon and then click the magnifying glass icon for the table you want to access. Below the Table Summary information is listed the Foreign Keys (Tables that reference...) and Foreign Keys (Tables.....references). Step through each table using this feature with students. For this exercise the table references starting with F_SHIFTS to F_REGULAR_MENUS is:  f_shifts to f_shift_assignments to f_staffs to f_orders to f_customers then from f_orders to f_order lines to f_food_items to f_promotional_menus and f_regular_menus.
7. Which table(s) contain null values?
F_FOOD_ITEMS and F_STAFFS
Students can use Application Express and "SELECT *  FROM tablename;" to view each table in the Fast Foods database. Using the Fast Foods database, students will answer the Fast Foods Tables Activity.
The objective of this activity is to familiarize students with the basic structure of a database table and to introduce the Fast Foods tables they will be using.
Students should be able to relate primary to foreign keys and identify and name examples of column, row, and field.
Reinforce the importance of being able to easily relate tables of information together.
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24. KEYWORD, CLAUSE, STATEMENT
Throughout this course, the words keyword, clause, and statement are used as follows:
A keyword refers to an individual SQL element. For example, SELECT and FROM are keywords.
A clause is a part of a SQL statement. SELECT employee_id, last_name, is a clause.
A statement is a combination of two or more clauses. SELECT * FROM employees; is a SQL statement.
16.5.x
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25. Selection vs. Projection
SELECT salary FROM employees WHERE last_name like ‘Smith’;
Selection (row) Projection (column) ID
First_name
Last_name
salary 10
John
Doe
4000 20
Jane
Jones
3000 30
Sylvia
Smith
5000 40
Hai
Nguyen
6000
Slide 7: Tell Me /Show Me – A SELECT statement can do the following:
Projection- The capability in SQL to choose the columns in a table that you want returned from a query
Selection- The capability in SQL to choose the rows in a table returned from a query
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26. Join
Slide 8: Tell Me /Show Me – Join: Used to bring together data that is stored …
Join- Display data from two or more related tables
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27. SELECT statement
SELECT statements can provide the same information depending on how they are written
Example:
SELECT * FROM d_songs;
SELECT id, title, duration, artist, type_code FROM d_songs;
Slide 9: Tell Me /Show Me – Selecting all Columns
Take time for students to practice each new keyword.
Warn students that sometimes doing a SELECT * FROM table can take a long time to return the data. It all depends on the number of rows stored in that particular table.
Remember, Oracle tables can store millions of rows of data. Break this content into show and practice. Explain one SQL keyword/statement at a time, and then have the students practice.
Slide 10: Tell Me / Show Me – Selecting all Columns (continued)
Demonstrate coding conventions to the students. All queries can be in lowercase, but for clarity and ease of reading, you may want to have keywords typed in UPPERCASE. It makes finding student mistakes easier. Also make sure that each keyword starts on a new line, as this further eases reading and de-bugging of the code students are producing.
All examples on the slides have a semicolon after each statement. Oracle Application Express does not require this syntax, but other Oracle SQL Interfaces do, so we have included them in the courseware. It may be worth mentioning or demonstrating semicolon not being required in Oracle Application Express, but other Oracle tools.
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28. SELECTION SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department_id = 60;
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 10000;
Selection is a selection of rows, all fields
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29. Projections A subset of columns
SELECT first_name, last_name, salary FROM employees;
SELECT id, title, artist FROM d_songs;
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30. Arithmetic Expressions
Create expressions with number and date data by using arithmetic operators.
Operator
Description +
Add -
Subtract *
Multiply /
Divide
5(5*6) + 20
SELECT last_name, salary, 12*salary+100 rewrite as 12*(SALARY + 100)
FROM employees;
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31. Operator Precedence () ^ * / + - Operator Precedence
Multiplication and division take priority over addition and subtraction.
Operators of the same priority are evaluated from left to right.
Parentheses are used to force prioritized evaluation and to clarify statements.
Remember: Please excuse my dear aunt Sally
() ^ * / + -
Slide 16: Tell Me / Show Me – Using Arithmetic Operators
If operators within an expression are of the same priority, then evaluation is done from left to right. Explain using the following example: Operators that appear in the same group have the same precedence. Which means in the multiplicative group that multiplication is done before division which is done before percentage. In the additive group, addition is done before subtraction.
You can always use parentheses to force the expression within parentheses to be
evaluated first. In the example 5(5*6) + 20, the expression (5*6) is processed first, that value (30) is multiplied by 5 to equal 150, and then 20 is added to the result.
Rewrite the SQL statement shown to produce the results shown in the Operator
Precedence table.
SELECT last_name, salary, 12*salary+100 rewrite as 12*(SALARY + 100)
FROM employees;
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32. Rewrite in order of precedence
You want to calculate the annual salary if the employee received $100 raise each month
Revise the following statement in the correct order of precedence to get the desired results
Run each example in the editor
SELECT last_name, salary, 12*salary+100 FROM employees;
rewrite as 12*(SALARY + 100)
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33. What is null?
If a row lacks the data value for a particular column, that value is said to be null, or to contain a null. A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable.
A null is not the same as zero. Zero is a number.
A null is not a space. Space is a character.
Slide 20: Tell Me / Show Me – Null Values
NULL- A value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable
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34. Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions
SELECT last_name, salary, commission_pct, salary*commission_pct FROM employees;
SALARY
COMMISSION_PCT
SALARY*COMMISSION_PCT
2500
(null)
10500 .2
2100
11000 .3
3300
8600
1720
7000
.15
1050
Arithmetic with null results in null.
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35. Practice SELECT * FROM d_songs;
SELECT id, title, duration, artist, type_code FROM d_songs;
SELECT id, title, artist, FROM d_songs;
SELECT last_name, salary, salary – 300 FROM employees;
SELECT last_name, salary, salary * 1.05 FROM employees;
Demonstrate coding conventions to the students. All queries can be in lowercase, but for clarity and ease of reading, you may want to have keywords typed in UPPERCASE. It makes finding student mistakes easier.
Warn students that sometimes doing a SELECT * FROM table can take a long time to return the data. It all depends on the number of rows stored in that particular table. Remember, Oracle tables can store millions of rows of data.
SELECT id, title, artist, FROM d_songs;
Note error: This will not run with the , at the end of the field list. If it is removed the command will run correctly.
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36. Column Alias Renames a column heading
Is useful in naming columns of derived values
Immediately follow the column name
Uses optional AS keyword between the column name and alias
Required double quotation marks if it contains spaces or special characters or is case sensitive
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37. Using Aliases NAME SALARY Annual Salary Whalen 4400 52800 Hartstein
SELECT last_name name, salary AS Salary, salary*12 “Annual Salary” FROM employees;
NAME
SALARY
Annual Salary
Whalen
4400
52800
Hartstein
13000
156000
Fay
6000
72000
Explain the purpose of an alias. Your boss would probably not recognize what a column name such as DEPT_NO means. It would be your job to create a report with the column name "Department Number " instead.
Explain that double quotation marks are required for aliases longer than one word or when the format of the alias is anything other than the default uppercase name (e.g., Department Name, or department, or dept.)
Explain that the pipe (|) means OR in this example. The pipe key is the caps lock position above the backslash (\) on most keyboards.
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