1. Unit 3 Part II CBHS Mr. Buttell
Mid-19c
European
Nationalism Part II
Unit 3 Part II CBHS Mr. Buttell

2. Eastern
Europe
in the Last Half
of the 19c

3. Differing Nationalities in the Austrian Empire

4. Austrian Imperial Flag

5. Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

6. The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy  Austria-Hungary
Following revolutions of 1848, the Austrian monarchy attempted to suppress Hungarian culture, but w/little success.
The Ausgleich Compromise of 1867, established the dual monarchy under Franz Joseph.
Recognized political power of the Hungarians (Magyars), largest ethnic minority in the empire
Austro-Hungary shared the same ministers for foreign policy, finance and defense.
Provided autonomy by creating two capitals and two official languages
Most people in Hungary identified as non-Hungarian ethnic groups (Ruthenians or Slovaks) and did not speak the Hungarian language.
The Hungarian Flag

7. Austria-Hungary Trait Austria Hungary Largest Ethnic Group
Germans were the majority of the population.
Magyars (Hungarians) were the largest group, but not a majority.
Capital
Vienna, also the main capital of the empire.
Budapest, though divided into separate cites of Buda and Pest until 1873.
Religion
Mostly Roman Catholic
Mixture of Catholics and Protestants

8. Ethnic Unrest
Both Hungarians and Austrians continued to neglect other minority groups.
While Hungarians voted and served in Parliament, Croatians and Romanians lacked representation.
Hungarian became approved language and languages such as Czech and Polish were not permitted.
Nationalistic movement called Pan-Slavism took hold binding all ethnic Slavs together.
Since Russia was the largest Slavic country, many Slavic people felt bonds with Russian slavs.
The dual monarchy would collapse as a result of WWI, as other ethnic groups sought self-determination.

9. Russian Imperial Flag

10. A heterogeneous empire
Russian Expansion
A heterogeneous empire

11. Nicholas I [r ]
Autocracy!
Orthodoxy!
Nationalism!

12. Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Defeat in the Crimean War.
While Russia possessed a large army and empire, sheer size was no longer an advantage.
Lacked industrialization and innovation.
Alexander supported efforts to reform the Russian social system, infrastructure and legal code.
Aristocrats refused to end serfdom.
Issues Emancipation Manifesto abolishing serfdom, 1861.
Process for peasants to obtain land became complicated.
Most had to remain on the land until payment schedules could be established

13. Alexander II [r ]
Most peasants had to make “redemption payments” to the govt. over long period to receive the land.
He also created the “Zemstvo” which were elected councils meant to address local issues.
At national level he implemented independent courts and demanded equality before the law.
Encouraged and financed the construction of the railroad industry.
By 1916, the Trans-Siberian RR stretched from Russia’s western border in Europe to Eastern borders in Asia.
Introduced conscription to military.

14. Intelligentsia
By attempting to balance westernization with traditional Slavic society, Russia became increasingly unstable.
A group of radical Intelligentsia emerged—people who were encouraged to voice their political opinions through the expansion of universities and access to the printed word.
Many became anarchists opposed to any formal govt.
In 1881, one of the groups managed to assassinate the tsar.
His successor, Alexander III cracks down on reform.

15. Alexander III [r. 1881-1894] Rejected liberal political reform
Supported industrialization
“Russification” Sergei Witte, finance minister modernized the economy
Protective Tariff
Russia on Gold Standard
Sped up construction of Trans-Siberian RR
Improved education related to commerce and technology
Most Russians continued to live in poverty and oppression

16. Russian Expansion
The Pale

17. Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews
“Temporary Laws”

18. Nicholas II: The Last Romanov Tsar [r. 1894-1917]

19. Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905]
The “Yellow Peril”

20. Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905]

21. Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905]

22. Russian & Japanese Soldiers

23. Russia Is Humiliated

24. Treaty of Portsmouth [NH] - 1905
President Theodore Roosevelt Acts as the Peacemaker
[He gets the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.]

25. The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg
Bloody Sunday January 22, 1905
The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg

26. The Revolution Spreads

27. Russian Cossacks Slaughter The People in Odessa
Anti-Jewish Attacks

28. Results

29. The Tsar’s October Manifesto
Many Russians wanted a more liberal govt. in part to compete in the modern age.
Nicholas II appointed Witte to frame liberal reforms
Witte crafted the October Manifesto, which gave Russians the right to citizenship, freedom of speech, and universal suffrage for men.
Russia created a representative body, the Duma, in which leaders could express their grievances.
Though Tsar maintained power with right to veto any law, suffrage was also soon restricted.

30. Liberal Reforms Peter Stolypin
Peter Stolypin, a conservative monarchist, passed agrarian reform to help the peasants.
Wanted to end open-field system and replace with system of small landowners.
Prosperous peasant class would stabilize Russia and prevent revolution
Peter Stolypin

31. The Russian Constitution of 1906
Known as the Fundamental Laws [April 23, 1906].
The autocracy of the Russian Tsar was declared.
The Tsar was supreme over the law, the church, and the Duma.
It confirmed the basic human rights granted by the October Manifesto, BUT made them subordinate to the supremacy of the law.