1. Volume 157, Issue 3, Pages 689-701 (April 2014)
Identification of a Circadian Output Circuit for Rest:Activity Rhythms in Drosophila 
Daniel J. Cavanaugh, Jill D. Geratowski, Julian R.A. Wooltorton, Jennifer M. Spaethling, Clare E. Hector, Xiangzhong Zheng, Erik C. Johnson, James H. Eberwine, Amita Sehgal 
Cell 
Volume 157, Issue 3, Pages (April 2014)
DOI: /j.cell
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2. Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
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3. Figure 1
Constitutive Activation of Non-Dilp2-Expressing PI Neurons Causes Behavioral Arrhythmicity without Affecting the Molecular Clock
(A) Maximum projection confocal brain images of GAL4 hits. GAL4 hits were crossed to UAS-nlsGFP flies, and brains were stained for GFP. Insets show close-up of PI region.
(B) Representative activity records of individual kurs58-GAL4/UAS-dTrpA1 (left), kurs58-GAL4/+ (middle), and UAS-dTrpA1/+ flies under DD conditions, before and after transition to 28°C. Activity records are double-plotted, with gray and black bars indicating subjective day and night, respectively, for the last 4 days at 21°C and the first 4 days at 28°C (red shading).
(C) kurs58-GAL4/UAS-nlsGFP; Dilp2-mCherry/+ brain stained for GFP (right; green) and mCherry (left; red). A merged image demonstrating lack of overlap is shown in the center panel.
(D) Activity records of individual Dilp2-GAL4/UAS-dTrpA1 (left), Dilp2-GAL4/+ (middle), and UAS-dTrpA1/+ flies under DD conditions before and after transition to 28°C.
(E and F) kurs58-GAL4/UAS-dTrpA1 (E) and control dTrpA1/+ (F) brains were stained for PERIOD (red) and PDF (blue) at various time points on the second day of DD at 28°C. PER cycling was indistinguishable between the two genotypes.
(G) Activity records of individual kurs58-GAL4/UAS-dTrpA1 (left), kurs58-GAL4/+ (middle), and UAS-dTrpA1/+ (right) flies in DD conditions for 5 days at 21°C, followed by 4 days at 28°C (red shading), and 5 days at 21°C, demonstrating recovery of rhythms after transition back to 21°C.
See also Figure S1.
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
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4. Figure 2
GRASP Analysis Reveals a Circadian Output Circuit Emanating from Clock Neurons
(A) Pdf-LexA,LexAop-GFP11/LexAop-FLP; nsyb-GAL4/FRT-UAS-GFP1-10-FRT brain visualized for GFP (green). PDF staining (blue) shows that GRASP signal is visible along the length of the dorsal projection of the s-LNvs.
(B) cry-GAL4/Y; Pdf-LexA,LexAop-GFP11/Pdf-GAL80; UAS-GFP1-10/+ brain visualized for GFP (green) and PDF (blue), with identical GRASP signal as in (A).
(C) Pdf-LexA,LexAop-GFP11/+; Clk4.1M-GAL4/UAS-GFP1-10 brain showing GRASP signal in dorsal brain.
(D) Close-up of boxed region in (C), double-labeled for PER immunofluorescence (red).
(E) TUG-GAL4/UAS-nlsGFP; 911-QF/QUAS-mtd-tomato brain stained for tomato.
(F) Close-up of boxed region in (E), double-labeled for GFP, showing that 911-QF expresses in DN1 cells.
(G) Clk4.1-LexA/LexAop-CD8GFP brain stained for GFP, showing specific expression in DN1 cells.
(H) Clk4.1-LexA/LexAop-CD8GFP brain stained for GFP (green) and PER (red).
(I) kurs58-GAL4/LexAop-GFP11; Clk4.1-LexA/UAS-GFP1-10 brain, with GRASP signal (green) in PI region (boxed). Brain is colabeled for PDF (blue).
(J) Close-up of boxed region in (I).
(K) kurs58-GAL4/QUAS-GFP11; 911-QF/UAS-GFP1-10 brain confirms GRASP signal in PI region.
(L) kurs58-GAL4/QUAS-Rab3eGFP; 911-QF/UAS-Denmark brain, double labeled for GFP (green) and mCherry (red). For (A) and (B), dotted line indicates brain surface. All GRASP signals represent endogenous GFP fluorescence (no GFP antibody was used).
See also Figure S2.
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
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5. Figure 3 DH44 Is a Circadian-Signaling Molecule Expressed by PI Cells
(A) DH44 immunostaining.
(B) Close-up of boxed region in (A), showing expression in six PI neurons.
(C) Overlap between DH44 immunostaining (blue) and kurs58-GAL4 > nlsGFP (green).
(D) Dilp2-mCherry brain, double-labeled for mCherry (green) and DH44 (blue), showing lack of overlap.
(E and F) Partial reduction of DH44 immunostaining in kurs58-GAL4/UAS-DH44 RNAi KK; UAS-Dicer2/+ and kurs58-GAL4/+; UAS-DH44 RNAi TRiP/UAS-Dicer2 brains.
(G and H) Complete loss of DH44 immunostaining in elav-GAL4/Y; UAS-DH44 RNAi KK/UAS-Dicer2 or elav-GAL4/Y; UAS-Dicer2/+; UAS-DH44 RNAi TRiP/+ brain.
(I and J) Individual activity records demonstrating weakened rhythms following panneuronal knockdown of DH44 in elav-GAL4/Y; UAS-DH44 RNAi KK/UAS-Dicer2 flies and elav-GAL4/Y; UAS-Dicer2/+; UAS-DH44 RNAi TRiP/+ flies.
(K) Tub-GAL4/+; UAS-DH44 Antagonist/+ flies demonstrate that DH44 receptor antagonism degrades rest:activity rhythms.
See also Figure S3.
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
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6. Figure 4 Activation of DH44+ PI Neurons Degrades Rest:Activity Rhythms
(A) Schematic of the DH44 gene, showing the location of the regulatory sequences used to drive GAL4 expression for the DH44-GAL4 lines.
(B) DH44VT-GAL4/UAS-CD8GFP brain, stained for GFP.
(C–E) UAS-nlsGFP/+; DH44VT-GAL4/+ brain, double-labeled for GFP (C) and DH44 (E) immunofluorescence. A merged image is shown in (D), demonstrating complete overlap.
(F) DH44FL-GAL4/UAS-CD8GFP brain, stained for GFP.
(G) Activity records of individual UAS-dTrpA1/+; DH44VT-GAL4/+ (left), DH44VT-GAL4/+ (middle), and UAS-dTrpA1/+ (right) flies under DD conditions before and after transition to 28°C (red shading).
(H) Activity records of individual UAS-dTrpA1/+; DH44-GAL4FL/+ (left) and DH44FL-GAL4/+ (right) under DD conditions before and after transition to 28°C (red shading).
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
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7. Figure 5
Ablation of Subsets of PI Neurons Results in Behavioral Arrhythmicity
(A) Complete and specific ablation of the DH44+ or SIFa+ subsets of PI neurons in UAS-reaper/+;; DH44VT-GAL4/+ and UAS-reaper/+; SIFa-GAL4/+ flies, respectively. Ablation is demonstrated by a loss of DH44 (top panels) or SIFa (bottom panels) immunofluorescence.
(B) Activity plots of individual UAS-reaper/Y;; DH44VT-GAL4/+ (left), DH44VT-GAL4/+ (middle), and UAS-reaper/Y (right) flies in DD conditions.
(C) Activity plots of individual UAS-reaper/Y; SIFa-GAL4/+ (left) and SIFa-GAL4/+ (right) flies in DD conditions.
(D) Model of the circadian output circuit for locomotor rhythms. One hemisphere of the fly brain is depicted. The circuit extends from the master pacemaker s-LNvs (red), through DN1s (orange), and onto kurs58+, DH44+ PI cells (blue), which modulate locomotor rhythms through the release of DH44 in addition to other, unknown factors. The s-LNvs likely control DN1 cells through the release of PDF. PI cells can be divided into Dilp2+ cells (seven/hemisphere; brown) and kurs58-GAL4+ cells (approximately nine/hemisphere; green). kurs58-GAL4+ cells can be further subdivided into SIFa+ (two/hemisphere; pink with green outline) and DH44+ (three/hemisphere; blue with green outline). There are approximately four additional kurs58-GAL4+ cells that express neither DH44 nor SIFa. For simplicity, only DH44+ and SIFa+ PI cells are depicted in the brain schematic.
See also Figure S4.
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
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8. Figure S1
Activation of Ellipsoid Body Neurons Does Not Underlie the Behavioral Phenotype Observed in kurs58-GAL4/UAS-dTrpA1 Flies, Related to Figure 1
(A) Sample activity records for strongly rhythmic (FFT ≥ 0.05), moderately rhythmic (FFT between 0.03 and 0.05), weakly rhythmic (FFT between 0.01 and 0.03), and arrhythmic flies (FFT < 0.01). Each panel contains an individual activity record for d 2-6 of DD. Activity records are double-plotted, with gray and black bars indicating subjective day and night, respectively. Corresponding FFT values are listed below each activity record. AR = arrhythmic.
(B) A maximum projection confocal image is shown of a kurs58-GAL4/+; UAS-CD8GFP/+ brain, stained for GFP immunofluorescence, showing expression in ellipsoid body neurons.
(C and D) Maximum projection confocal brain images for two EB-expressing GAL4 lines that did not disrupt rest:activity rhythms. Lines were crossed to UAS-nlsGFP and stained for GFP.
(E) Activity records of individual GAL4/Y ; UAS-dTrpA1/+ (left), GAL4/Y (middle), and UAS-dTrpA1/+ (right) flies under DD conditions before and after transition to 28°C. Note that GAL4 mediated activation causes increased activity levels without affecting rest:activity rhythms.
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
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9. Figure S2
GRASP Analysis Reveals Connections between s-LNv and DN1 Neurons and between DN1 Neurons and PI Cells, Related to Figure 2
(A) Pdf-GAL4/QUAS-GFP11; 911-QF/UAS-GFP1-10 brain, with GRASP signal (green, left) in s-LNv dorsal projection, labeled by PDF immunofluorescence (blue, right). A merged image is shown in the middle panel.
(B) Closeup of the boxed region in (A), showing GRASP signal along the PDF+ dorsal projection.
(C) LexAop-GFP11/+ ; DH44VT-GAL4,Clk4.1LexA/UAS-GFP1-10 brain, with GRASP signal in PI region.
(D) SIFa-GAL4/LexAop-GFP11 ; Clk4.1LexA /UAS-GFP1-10 brain, with GRASP signal in PI region.
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
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10. Figure S3
Characterization of RNAi-Mediated DH44 Knockdown, DH44 Cycling, and DH44 Antagonist, Related to Figure 3
(A) qPCR analysis of DH44 RNAi-mediated knockdown. The mean ratio of DH44/Actin RNA for three independent experiments ± standard error measure (SEM) is presented as a fraction of control (iso) levels.
(B) DH44 immunostaining every 6 hr on DD day 2.
(C) qPCR analysis of DH44 RNA expression every 6 hr on DD day 2. The mean ratio of DH44/Actin RNA for two independent experiments ± SEM is presented as a fraction of control (iso) levels. For CT0, data reflect only 1 experiment, due to failure of cDNA amplification in replicate sample.
(D) HEK293 cells transfected with DH44-R1 and cre-luciferase exhibit increased cAMP in response to application of different concentrations of neuropeptide DH44 (black line), as measured by cre-luciferase signal. Addition of the DH44 antagonist peptide (red line) significantly decreases cre-luciferase signal.
(E) 10 μM DH44 application increases cre-luciferase signals in explants of Malpighian tubule dissected from transgenic flies possessing the cre-luciferase construct. Co-administration of DH44 antagonist (10 μM) significantly decreases the cre-luciferase signal. Data are presented as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments and expressed as a fraction of unstimulated luciferase levels.
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
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11. Figure S4
Characterization of PI Cell Ablation Phenotypes, Related to Figure 5
(A) Maximum projection confocal image of a SIFa-GAL4/+; UAS-CD8GFP/+ brain, stained for GFP immunofluorescence.
(B and C) SIFa-GAL4/UAS-nlsGFP brain stained for GFP, showing expression in 4 PI cells.
(D) SIFa-GAL4/UAS-nlsGFP ; Dilp2mCherry/+ brain labeled for GFP (right; green) and mCherry (left; red). A merged image demonstrating lack of overlap is shown in the center panel.
(E) kurs58-GAL4/UAS-nlsGFP brain, double-labeled for SIFa (blue) and GFP (green), showing that the SIFa cells are kurs58-GAL4+.
(F) SIFa-GAL4/UAS-nlsGFP brain, double-labeled for DH44 (blue) and GFP (green), showing lack of overlap.
(G) UAS-reaper/Y (top panels), UAS-reaper/+ ; ; DH44-GAL4VT/+ (middle panels), UAS-reaper/Y ; SIFa-GAL4/+ (bottom panels) were stained for PER (red) and PDF (blue) at various time points on the second day of DD. PER cycling was indistinguishable between the genotypes. Note that PDF cell morphology is unaffected by PI cell ablation, as demonstrated by the whole brain maximum projection images shown in far right panels.
(H) Ablation of SIFa-GAL4+ neurons results in decreased sleep, while ablation of DH44VT-GAL4 neurons does not affect sleep. Average total daily sleep ± SEM over days 2-6 of DD. ∗∗p < compared to both control lines (ANOVA with Tukey Post-hoc test). For simplicity, the terms UAS and GAL4 have been omitted from some genotype descriptions.
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
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