1. Chapter 19 Islamic Gunpowder Empires
By Mr. Tovar, Rivera

2. What exactly do we mean by gunpowder empires?
Gunpowder Empires makes reference to the Turkic empires-- Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires which conquered many groups of peoples and territories relying on firearms.
In what geographic areas they located?
What is one advantage of their location? What is one disadvantage?
What religion unites them?

3. Mughals Ottomans Safavids
Rise of the Gunpowder Empires-- Gunpowder Empires had many traits in common such as:
Mughals
Ottomans
Militaristic Societies: All had Turkic warrior leaders
They came to power when they conquered the weak Mongol Khanates
Heavily relied on artillery and cannon; hence the moniker of gunpowder empires
Safavids

4. The Rule of Timur
Tamerlane (Timur the Lame) was a Mongol- Turkic ruler of the late 1300s that set the stage for the rise of Turkic empires
Hailed from the trading city of Samarkand, conquered Persia and India. Valued Learning and the Arts. 
Subsequent Turkic Gunpowder Empires emulated violent conquests and sponsoring culture. 
Timur embodies the Ghazi Ideal—model for warrior life, combined values of nomadic life and being a holy warrior for Islam. 
Timurid Empire, however, fell apart rather quickly after his dead. 

5. Ottoman Empire Geography
Founded by the Osman Dynasty in the 1300s, lasted all the way till 1918—ruled 600 years.
Extended into modern-day Turkey, the Balkans, North Africa, and South Asia. 

6. SultanMehmed II "The Conqueror" (ruled 1451-1481)
In 1453 conquered Constantinople - made it capital of the Ottoman Empire, changed the name to Istanbul and expanded it into both sides of the Bosporus Strait. 
Began the conquest of the Balkans in Southern Europe
Strengthened the Navy, attacked Italy, made Venice pay a yearly tax.

7. Military and Government
Devshirme selection system—Chistian boys were recruited and converted to Islam, taught politics, arts and military. Worked in the Military and as Administrators
Janissaries - elite military forces that came from the devshirme system.  
All were "slaves of the state"

8. Suleiman I "the Magnificent"
Ruled  
Under Suleiman "The Lawgiver," the Ottoman Empire reached its peak 
Caused great fear to Christians -- "hammered the gates of Vienna" in 1529—Conquered Rhodes, stronghold of the Christian Knights Hospitalier 
Built forts, castles, and the magnificent Soleimani Mosque 

9. Ottoman Economy
In the early years, conquests and monetary tribute fueled Ottoman econmy.
Suleiman's Navy Controlled Trade in the Mediterranean
Trade Agreements with European countries
What goods came from Ottoman Lands? Northern Africa a source of slaves, gold—Silk Roads continued to be important—Ottoman crafts such as rugs, tiles, and pottery. 
Conquests paid for by high taxation on peasants
Many corrupt officials would keep the taxes instead fo turning it to the central government
Coffeehouses became a hotspot of business deals, culture

10. Ottoman Social Classes: Occupations
Men of the Pen and Men of the Sword: warrior elites such as Janissaries; Ulama, scholars experts in Sharia Law; and Viziers, advisors to the Sultan and harem
Men of Negotiation: Merchants and artisans 
Men of Husbandry: Farmer peasants 
Slaves were at the bottom and came from conquered Europeans places and many were servicemen and pirates recruited by the Barbary Pirates 
Christians tolerated and Jews from Spain could settle—Jews only in a few places 

11. Decline, Continuity and Change
Decline: In 1571—the Ottomans were defeated by the Spanish and Venetians in the naval Battle of Lepanto—successors of Suleiman were not able to keep Europeans at bay
"The Sick Man of Europe" -- Ottomans declined slowly well into the 20th century. 
Change brought by Ottomans: They replaced the Byzantine influence— religion and art inty- 6.*-hnju the religion, the Justinian Code was replaced by Sharia 
Continuity: Istanbul remained an Important city and trading hotspot, especially the Grand Bazaar—center of learning as well as they preserved Greek Philosophy and added Islamic scholarship to the mix, and restored the Hagia Sophia, high standards in craftsmanship. 

12. Safavids 
Safavids rose to power  in the 1500s due to their military might and strong leadership 
Shah Ismail I —Safavid hero—became the Shah after conquering all of Iran being only 14 or 15 years old
Adhered to Shia Islam—legitimacy of his power—Persia still a Shia stronghold to this day 
First Persian ruler after centuries of Arabic rule 
Conflict with Ottomans not only for religion (Ottomans were Sunni) but also for the control of trade routes. 

13. Shah Abbas I Also known as "the Great"
Recruited Christian boys in ways similar to the Ottomans as soldiers
Brought advisors and military technology from Europe 
Created a theocracy (took control of religion) which has persisted in Iran to this day
Encouraged education, and trade—with the help of the Portuguese and British conquered the Strait of Hormuz 

14. Women and Decline
Safavid women did not have political influence as women did in the Ottoman Empire 
The Safavid declined by the 1700s. 
Weak rulers used to luxuries, not fighting 
They were not able to quell rebellions in Afghanistan vs Sunni Pashtuns 
Left them weak, unable to fend off the Ottomans and Russians 
Isfahan, the capital, still a reminder of the old days of glory 
Replaced by the Zand Dynasty

15. Mughals – Babur and Akbar
In the 1520s- Babur, formed a 300-year dynasty known as the Mughals in northern India. 
Akbar – 1556 to 1605—most capable of the Mughal rulers—known for administerign the law fairly and made Mughals one of the richest countries of the world at the time. 
 government officials called zamidars (which were paid in land) kept some of the tax revenues, but they would keep more and pay armies only loyal to them,
Akbar was tolerant of all religion
Created the "divine faith" or Din-I-llahi, to reconcile Hindus and Muslims
Tried to ban child marriages sati, but failed 

16. Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb
Shah Jahan continued the flourishing of the Mughal Empire
Created Taj Mahal, a tomb for his wife, beautified the city of Delhi 
Aurangzeb – Jahan's son—not able to keep up with the technology of other countries, could not put down rebellions and even began making laws such as banning music. 
Years after his death, the British gained political power over India. 

17. Decline of the Gunpowder Empires
What factors led to the decline of the Mughal empire? Write a paragraph explaning this cause and effect relationship in your notes. 
Also: copy this graph found in 363 :)