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Cells: Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
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Two Type Of Cells: Prokaryote “style” Eukaryote “style” 2
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Prokaryote cells are smaller and simpler
Commonly known as bacteria microns in size Single-celled(unicellular) or Filamentous (strings of single cells) 3
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Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus (= karyon), or any other membrane-bound organelles. An organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes and a nuclear membrane around DNA.
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Cell Size and Scale
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BACTERIA - This is what you will see!!! VERY SMALL
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Stronger Microscope!!!
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Euglena
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Paramecium
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Amoeba
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Onion Root
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Frog blood & Sickle Cell Anemia
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Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
Two structural types of cells are recognized: Prokaryotic Archaea and bacteria Eukaryotic: plants, algae, fungi, protists, and animals (variety) Comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus. Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus.
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Prokaryote Introduction
Prokaryotes are much more diverse in both habitat eukaryotes. Nearly all prokaryotes are single-celled. Two major kingdoms: the Eubacteria (sometimes just called Bacteria) and the Archaea (or Archaebacteria). Very different genetically.
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Prokaryotic Examples ONLY Bacteria And archae bacteria
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
All living things are classified into two major groups. They are either Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes *Have a defined nucleus *Membrane-bound organelles *May be single or multi- cellular * No definite nucleus * No membrane bound organelles *All are bacteria! *Unicellular
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Simpler internal structure Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells No Nuclear membrane No Organized Organelles Cell Wall of peptidoglycan 1 circular chromosome Smaller ribosomes Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus Organelles If cell wall, Cellulose or chitin Linear chromosomes Ribosomes bigger
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Prokaryotic Cells Shapes of Bacterial Cells cocci bacilli spiral
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E. coli bacteria on the head of a steel pin.
These are prokaryote E. coli bacteria on the head of a steel pin. 19
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Prokaryote cells are simply built (example: E. coli)
capsule: slimy outer coating cell wall: tougher middle layer of peptidoglycan cell membrane: delicate inner skin 20
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Prokaryote cells are simply built (example: E. coli)
cytoplasm: inner liquid filling DNA in one big loop pilli: for sticking to things flagella: for swimming ribosomes: for building proteins 21
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Prokaryote lifestyle unicellular: all alone colony: forms a film
filamentous: forms a chain of cells 22
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Prokaryote Feeding Photosynthetic: energy from sunlight
Disease-causing heterotrophs: feed on living things Decomposers: feed on dead things 23
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Motility Almost all Spiral bacteria are motile
About 1/2 of Bacilli are motile Almost all Cocci are non-motile
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How Do Antibiotic Work on Bacteria without Killing Host Cell?
1. Attack Bacteria cell wall 2. Attack bacteria ribosomes Both of these structures are different in prokaryotics so drugs can specifically target them!!!
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Bacterial cell wall - chemically unlike any other structure in Animal cells
Target for drugs that can attack and kill bacteria without harming the host cell MANY ANTIBIOTICS are specifically directed at Cell Wall Synthesis Penicillin works by damaging the pentaglycine crossbridges of the peptidogylcan layer Works best against Gram (+) bacteria
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Selective Toxicity Some antibiotics are aimed at the ribosomes of bacterial cells Streptomycin, Neomycin, Erythromycin and Tetracycline work by inhibiting protein synthesis by disrupting the ribosome
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Eukaryotic Cells A eukaryote ( or ) is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes including DNA.
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Eukaryotes are bigger and more complicated
Have organelles Have chromosomes can be multicellular include animal, plant, protists and fungi cells 29
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Organelles are membrane-bound cell parts
Mini “organs” that have unique structures and functions Located in cytoplasm 30
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Cell Structures Cell membrane
*semipermeable - allowing some items in and blocking others *delicate double layer of phosolipodslipid and protein skin around cytoplasm found in all cells 31
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Nucleus a membrane-bound sac evolved to store the cell’s chromosomes and nucleolus Surrounded by membrane that has pores: holes Both plants and animals 32
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Nucleolus inside nucleus location of ribosome factory made or RNA
Both plants and animals 33
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Mitochondrion converts glucose into ATP for energy
Inner membrane folded into cristae the more energy the cell needs, the more mitochondria it has Both in plants and animals 34
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Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis from amino acids
may be free-floating, or may be attached to ER made of RNA Both plants and animals 35
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Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth)
may be smooth: builds lipids and carbohydrates. No ribosomes!! Controls Ca levels in muscles Both plants and animals 36
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Rough ER Rough because covered in ribsomes.
Transports material through the cell and produces proteins in sacs called cistern. Both plants and animals
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Golgi Complex Flattened sacs that modifies proteins and packages them into vesicles for export. Both plants and animals 38
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Lysosomes sacs filled with digestive enzymes
digest worn out cell parts digest food absorbed by cell Both plants and animals 39
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Centrioles Dense center of centromere pair of bundled tubes
organize cell division Both plants and animals 40
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Cytoskeleton made of microtubules found throughout cytoplasm
gives shape to cell & moves organelles around inside. Both plants and animals 41
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Structures found in plant cells
Cell wall very strong made of cellulose protects cell from rupturing glued to other cells next door 42
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Vacuole huge water-filled sac keeps cell pressurized stores starch 43
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Chloroplasts filled with chlorophyll
turn solar energy into food energy 44
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How are plant and animal cells different?
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Structure Animal cells Plant cells cell membrane Yes yes nucleus
nucleolus ribosomes ER Golgi centrioles no cell wall mitochondria cholorplasts One big vacuole cytoskeleton 46
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Eukaryote cells can be multicellular
The whole cell can be specialized for one job cells can work together as tissues Tissues can work together as organs 47
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Advantages of each kind of cell architecture
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes simple and easy to grow can specialize fast reproduction multicellularity all the same can build large bodies 48
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Examples of specialized euk. cells
liver cell: specialized to detoxify blood and store glucose as glycogen. 49
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Examples of specialized euk. cells
liver cell: specialized to detoxify blood and store glucose as glycogen. 50
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sperm cell: specialized to deliver DNA to egg cell
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Mesophyll cell specialized to capture as much light as possible
inside a leaf 52
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How do animal cells move?
Some can crawl with pseudopods Some can swim with a flagellum Some can swim very fast with cilia 53
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Pseudopods means “fake feet” extensions of cell membrane
example: ameoba 54
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Flagellum/flagella large whiplike tail
pushes or pulls cell through water can be single, or a pair 55
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Flagellum/flagella large whiplike tail
pushes or pulls cell through water can be single, or a pair 56
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Cilia fine, hairlike extensions attached to cell membrane
beat in unison 57
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