1. Chapter 3 Database Management
Dr. Hassan Ismail

2. Chapter 3: Objectives From text book
Understand why databases are important to modern organizations
Understand how databases work
Understand how organizations can maximize their strategic potential with databases

3. Database Management for Strategic Advantage
Database – a collection of related data organized in a way to facilitate data searches
Publisher can use databases to:
Create a book
Track book sales
Set salaries and wages
Pay employees
DB management systems allow organization to retrieve, store and analyze information easily .

4. Traditional File Environment
Each business function developed its files
accounting
file1
file2
file3
file4
Finance
file1
file2
file3
Sales
& Marketing
file1
file2

5. Traditional File Environment
Field: title – column
Record: a group of fields – entity
File: a group of records – table
Key: unique field to identify record
Database: a group of files + relationships

6. Problems
Data Redundancy and Confusion
Program-Data Dependence
Lack of Flexibility
Poor Security
Lack of Data-Sharing and Availability

7. DataBase Management System
DBMS is a software that permits an organization to centralize data,
manage them, and access by application programs
3 components 1
Data
Definition Language 2
Data
Manipulation Language 3
Data
Dictionary
Language that end users and programmers use to manipulate data (SQL) Structured Query Language
Defines each data element as it appears in the database
For storing and organizing information about the data maintained in DB

8. Advantages of the Database Approach
Program-data independence
Minimal data redundancy
Improved data consistency
Improved data sharing
Increased productivity of application development
Enforcement of standards
Improved data quality
Improved data accessibility
Reduced program maintenance
Easy to change business needs
Single copy of data stored
Avoid redundancy => more data is more consistent
Easy to deploy and control data from centralized system
Data standards make it easier to build and modify applications.
Centralized system make it easier enforce rules for data creation/modification/naming/deletion.
Centralized control, no redundancy, enhance data quality
Easy to access from inside or outside organization
Information changed in the central DB is replicated seamlessly throughout all applications.

9. …Foundation Concepts
DBMS : is used to interact with the databases, DBMS is a software application with which you create, store organize, and retrieve data from a single databases
Example: MS Access is an example of DBMS .
In DBMS, the individual Database is a collection of related attributes about entities:
Entity: is collection of data that belong to the same domain, or same meaning like people/class/ anima/ university etc…
Attribute (or Field) is an individual information that describe the entity.
Entity is like table, where each row is a record and each column is an attribute.

10. Effective Management of DB
The database administrator (DBA) is responsible of the development and management of the organization’s databases, he will:
Work with programmers and system analysts to design and implement the database
Work with users and managers to establish database policies
Implement security features and establishes database permissions

11. Key Database Activities
Entering and Querying Data
Form: GUI which presents the information to the user in an intuitive way so that the user can easily see and enter the data.
Structured Query Language (SQL): is the most common language used to interface with databases
Query by example (QBE): it enables us to fill out a grid, or template, in order to construct a sample data we would like to see.

12. Key Database Activities
Creating Database Reports
Report – a compilation of data that is organized and produced in printed format
Example:
quarterly sales report for restaurant.
Report Generators: retrieves data from database and manipulate and display it in a useful format.
Design Database
Must be organized
Few or no redundancies
Data model – a map of entity relationships
Keys
Primary key - example Student ID
Combination primary key - example Student ID + Course ID + Section + Term
Secondary key- example Major: Used to identify one or more records within a table that share a common value.

14. Key Database Activities
Database Associations
One-to-one (teams to stadiums)
One-to-many (player to team)
Many-to-many (players to games)

15. Key Database Activities
Entity-Relationship Diagramming (ERD)
Commonly used when designing databases
One draws entities (tables) as boxes and lines between entities to show relationships

16. Key Database Activities
The Relational Model of Databases
Entities linked by a common key field
Records = rows
Fields = columns
Other models exist
Hierarchical
Network
Object-oriented model

17. Key Database Activities
Normalization
A technique for making complex databases more efficient and more easily handled by the DBMS
Eliminates data redundancy

20. Key Database Activities
Data Dictionary
A document that explains each piece of information in the database
Field name
Data type
Numeric, text, date/time
Useful for sorting and allocating storage
Is this field a key field?
Business rules
Update authority
Valid data values

21. How Organizations Get the Most from Their Data
Linking Web Sites to Databases
Example: Amazon
2.5 million titles
Managing online data effectively

22. How Organizations Get the Most from Their Data
Data Mining
A method for better understanding data
Information on customers, products, markets, etc.
Drill down: from summary to more detailed data
Sort and extract information
Trends, correlations, forecasting, statistics

23. How Organizations Get the Most from Their Data
Data Mining
Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)
Immediate automated responses to user requests
Multiple concurrent transactions
A big part of interactive Internet e-commerce

24. How Organizations Get the Most from Their Data
Data Mining
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
Graphical software tools that provide complex analysis of data stored in a database
Drills down to deeper levels of consolidation
Time series and trend analysis
“What if” and “why” questions

25. How Organizations Get the Most from Their Data
Data Mining
Merging Transaction and Analytical Processing
Real-time OLAP diminishes performance because the database must be “locked” during execution time
Solution: replicate transactions on a 2nd database server

26. How Organizations Get the Most from Their Data
Data Mining
Merging Transaction and Analytical Processing
Operational Systems
Interact with customers and run a business in real time
Examples: Order processing, reservation systems
Informational Systems
Support decision making based on stable point-in-time or historical data

27. How Organizations Get the Most from Their Data
Data Warehousing
Integrating multiple large databases into a single repository
Queries, analysis, and processing
Purpose: put key business information into the hands of decision makers
Cost: millions

28. How Organizations Get the Most from Their Data
Data Marts
Instead of one large data warehouse, many organizations create multiple data marts
Each contains a subset of the data
Example: finance, inventory, personnel
Each data mart is customized for particular DSS applications
Cost: typically less than $1 million