1. Assessment Question Answers!
For Chapter 4

2. Section 1
1) Pharaoh: a king of Egypt. Dynasty: A ruling family. Bureaucracy: A system of government offices and officials. 2) Cataracts are rocky rapids in southern Egypt. The delta is a fan- shaped silt deposit at the mouth of the Nile. 3) Possible answer!!! Egyptian artisans helped create mummies. 4) Farmers relied on the Nile’s yearly floods for water and waited for the water to recede before plating. 5) Power usually passed between members of the ruling dynasty. 6) Osiris’s story was a model of the afterlife that Egyptians hoped to follow. 7) The pharaoh was seen as a god, so people obeyed him. 8) Farmers provided food for artisans and scribes. Artisans created practical and luxury objects. Scribes kept records, collected taxes, and supervised projects. All served the pharaoh.

3. Section 2
Hieroglyphics were symbols used for writing. Papyrus was used as we use paper.
Sculptures of Egyptian gods have been found inside pyramids housing pharaoh's tomb.
It helps them locate and treat diseased body parts.
Sumerians used the wedge shapes of cuneiform to represent words. Egyptians used hieroglyphics.
They were the largest structures on Earth and required vast organization, labor, and supplies to construct.
Sample: The pyramids showed Egyptian’s mastery of math. Calendars, canals, chemistry, and medical advances showed their expertise in other technical areas.
Writing allowed Egyptians to keep records and learn from past knowledge.
Egypt’s lunar calendar shows an interest in timing the Nile floods and astronomical ability. The solar calendar shows an interest in orderly records.

4. Section 3
With little farmland, Egypt depended on trading minerals and other goods for food.
Each had goods the other wanted or needed.
It was a true alphabet; its characters stood for sounds rather than ideas.
Trade was the main way that ideas and culture spread between Egypt and Nubia.
Both worshipped some of the same gods, had similar beliefs about kings, and depended on the NIle for food. Later Nubians built pyramids and mummified the bodies of their rulers.
It had stronger iron-working skills and developed an alphabet.
Both used trade to gain wealth and to obtain goods they could not produce locally.
They relied on trade for food, whereas the Egyptians did not.