1. Human Blood Groups … Chapter 10 continued … c. ABO Blood Groups
Based on the presence which two antigens = A & B
Type AB blood: A and B antigens present
Plasma Antibodies for ________
Type A Blood: A antigen is present
Plasma Antibodies for ________
Type B blood: B antigen is present
Type O blood: No antigens are present A B B A A A A B B B

2. Emergency Situations– no time to blood type patient
ABO Blood Groups …
d. Transfusion issues
Emergency Situations– no time to blood type patient
Universal Donor: O because the blood cells have no ABO antigens on it
Universal Recipient: AB because patient’s immune system does not react to A and B antigens as it does not make A or B antibodies
Type B can receive B and O blood
Type A can receive A and O blood
Non-emergency Situations– have time to blood type
Match type of Blood due to cross-reaction of antibodies in the transfused blood

3. ABO Blood Groups Blood Group RBC Antigens Plasma antibodies
Blood that can be received AB
A, B
None
A, B, AB, O
Universal recipient B
Anti-A
B, O A
Anti-B
A, O O
Anti-A, Anti-B
Universal donor

4. Human Blood Groups … b. Rh Blood Groups
Presence (+) or absence of the Rh (-) antigens (8 different types)
Most Americans: Rh+ = has antigen
Rh– people do NOT have the Rh antibodies to start off, but develop them upon exposure to the Rh antigen
PROBLEMS
Transfusions: Rh- given Rh+ blood
Problems in Pregnancy
Only in Rh– mothers

5. Rh– Mothers of a Rh+ child…
If Child is Rh- There is no problem as baby does not have the Rh factor, like the mother
If Child is Rh+
Normally mother-baby blood does not mix so there is no problem for first Rh+ baby born
But immune system is then sensitized to Rh antigen and Rh antibodies are produced by the mother
2nd Rh+ baby, the mother’s Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and reach the Fetus and they attack the fetus’ blood = hemolytic disease of the new-born usually ends in the death of the new-born
RhoGAM shot can prevent anti-Rh+ buildup

6. 4. Blood Typing
Blood type lab tested: by using artificial antibodies that react to antigens that are from the person being tested
ABO and Rh blood group antigens are tested
A Blood sample is mixed with artificial Antibodies: anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh serum
Agglutination (clumping of blood cells) indicates that the antigen is present in the person’s blood and indicates what there Blood Type is
Usually a person’s blood is Cross matching: both donors and recipients blood tested and the proper blood type is transfused when possible
Example: type A only given type A etc …

7. Serum Blood being tested Anti-A Anti-B Type AB (contains
antigens A and B;
agglutinates with
both A and B
artificial antibodies)
Agglutinated
RBCs
Type B (contains
antigen B;
agglutinates with
anti-B serum)
Type A (contains
antigen A;
agglutinates with
anti-A serum)
Type O (contains
no antigens;
does not
agglutinate with
either serum)
Figure 10.8

8. V. Developmental Aspects of Blood
Students do: *Sites of blood cell formation in fetus and new-born
END OF CHAPTER 10

9. The Cardiovascular System11
16 slides
The Cardiovascular System

10. The Cardiovascular System
Introduction:
*2 Organs & 1Tissues of the Cardiovascular System: what are they?
*Organs =
*Tissue =
Anterior View

11. Anterior View Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid artery
Superior vena cava
Left subclavian artery
Right pulmonary artery
Aortic arch
Ligamentum arteriosum
Ascending aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary
veins
Left atrium
Auricle of left atrium
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Right coronary artery
in coronary sulcus (right
atrioventricular groove)
Left coronary artery in
coronary sulcus (left
atrioventricular groove)
Anterior cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Marginal artery
Anterior interventricular
artery (in anterior
interventricular sulcus)
Small cardiac vein
Inferior vena cava
Apex
(a)
Anterior View
Figure 11.3a

12. I. The Heart A. Introduction *Location: Basic Structure: Chambers
2nd Rib
A. Introduction
*Location:
Basic Structure:
Chambers
*Base
*Apex
Size =
*Main Tissue Type:
3. *Basic Function:
Sternum
Diaphragm
7th Rib
Diaphragm
Anterior View
Base
Diaphragm
Apex

13. Midsternal line 2nd rib Sternum Diaphragm (a)
Point of
maximal
intensity
(PMI)
(a)
Anterior View
Figure 11.1a

14. Anterior View Superior vena cava Aorta Parietal pleura (cut) Pulmonary
trunk
Left lung
Pericardium
(cut)
Apex of
heart
Diaphragm
Anterior View
(c)
Figure 11.1c

15. B. Anatomy Heart Coverings = Pericardium
= a double-walled sac; made of “a” and “b” below
a. Fibrous pericardium: describe
b. Serous membrane:
Visceral pericardium
= epicardium of heart which
is part of the Pericardium and
the Heart Wall
Parietal pericardium
c. *Serous fluid:
Fibrous Pericardium
Parietal Pericardium
Visceral P.

16. Mediastinum Heart Left lung Posterior (b)
Superior View of a Transverse Section
Figure 11.1b

17. 2. The Heart: Heart Wall give location and tissue for all the below
a. *Epicardium
Tissue
b. *Myocardium
c. *Endocardium
(Endothelium)
Pericardium
Pulmonary
trunk
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Myocardium
Epicardium
(visceral layer
of serous
pericardium)
Heart
Wall
Myocardium
Endocardium
Heart chamber

18. i) *Structure: size, amount of muscle? ii) Receive blood from:
3. Chambers– 4
a. Atria
i) *Structure: size, amount of muscle?
ii) Receive blood from:
Right A.
Left A.
b. Ventricles
i) *Structure size, amount of muscle?
ii) Pump blood to:
Right V.
Left V. RA LA LV RV
Anterior View of frontal section

19. Anterior View showing a transverse section
Left
ventricle
Right
ventricle
Anterior View showing a transverse section
Muscular
interventricular
septum
Figure 11.5

20. 4. The Heart: Septa
- Mostly made up cardiac muscle
a. Interventricular septum
*Separates:
b. Interatrial septum
Anterior View

21. 5. The Heart’s Role in Blood Circulation
Rule about Arteries and Veins
Veins
Arteries
b) General Path of Blood into Arteries and from Veins
Into heart via Veins  _______________
Atria  _______________ of same side
Ventricle  ________________
Anterior View

22. The Heart’s Role in Blood Circulation …
c) Two Circulations
i) Systemic circulation:
From left side of the heart: to
ii) Pulmonary circulation:
From right side of the heart to:
iii) Blood in both circulations: move in synchrony as they are connected are via the heart chambers
d) Like 2 separate pumps
*Right Side of Heart pumps blood to where?
*Left Side of Heart pumps blood to where?

23. Figure 11.4 Capillary beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs
Pulmonary Circuit
Pulmonary
arteries
Pulmonary
veins
Venae
cavae
Aorta and
branches
Left
atrium
Left
ventricle
Right
atrium
Heart
Right
ventricle
Systemic Circuit
Capillary
beds of all
body tissues
where gas
exchange
occurs
KEY:
Oxygen-rich,
CO2-poor blood
Oxygen-poor,
CO2-rich blood
Figure 11.4

24. - Two types of valves– total of 4 valves Atrioventricular (AV) valves
6. The Heart: Valves
- *Function:
- Two types of valves– total of 4 valves
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
- *Are between ?
i) *Cusps
ii) *Chordae Tendineae
function
iii) Specific Valves:
Bicuspid (mitral)
Tricuspid
(right)
Bicuspid
Tricuspid
Anterior View

25. b) Semilunar valves -. Are between
b) Semilunar valves - *Are between ? i) Pulmonary semilunar ii) Aortic semilunar
Aortic S
Pulmonary S
Anterior View

26. Superior vena cava
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Right pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary
veins
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Left atrioventricular valve
(bicuspid valve)
Fossa ovalis
Aortic semilunar valve
Right atrioventricular
valve (tricuspid valve)
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Chordae tendineae
Interventricular septum
Inferior vena cava
Myocardium
Visceral pericardium
(b) Anterior View showing Frontal section showing interior chambers and valves.
Figure 11.3b