1. Good morning!!! I hope you all had a great break
Sit down and take out your thought journal!
Do you think going to college is valuable and important or a waste of time? Explain why you feel this way.

2. Chapter 3: The Biological Basis of Behavior Module 8: The Brain

4. Lower-Level Brain Structures: Brainstem Medulla
Oldest part of the brain
Responsible for automatic survival functions
Located where the spinal cord swells and the brain just begins
Rose or tail?
The base of the brainstem
Regulates heartbeat, blood circulation, digestion—keeps you alive
Damage can lead to death

5. Medulla Oblongata

6. More lower-level brain structures: Reticular Formation
Nerves extending up and down the spinal cord into the brain
Controls level of alertness & consciousness (awake and asleep)
Damage to this area can cause a coma.

7. Reticular formation

8. L.L.B.S. (cont.): Thalamus Sits atop the brainstem Like a switchboard
Right in the middle!
Like a switchboard
Incoming messages from your senses (except smell) pass through here and the thalamus directs them to the proper region of the brain for processing
Thalamus is Greek for “inner chamber.”

9. Thalamus

10. Pons Above the medulla oblongata
Stimulates and controls intensity of breathing and controls your sleep cycle
Key role in sleep and dreaming (REM sleep)

11. Pons

12. L.L.B.S. (cont.): Cerebellum
Latin for the “little brain”
Located in the rear of the brain
Helps with balance & coordination
Also, memories to play instrument or walk.
Allows us to run or write
Controls motor/voluntary movements
If damaged, the person could perform basic movements but would lose fine coordination skills.

13. Cerebellum

14. L.L.B.S.: The Limbic System
Area around the thalamus
At the border of the brainstem and cerebral cortex
B/t older core regions and newly developed ones
Helps regulate memory, aggression, fear, hunger, and thirst
Includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

15. Hypothalamus Located directly under the front of the thalamus
Regulates hunger, thirst, body temp., and the fight or flight reactions to stress
Plays role in emotions, pleasure, and sexual function

16. Hypothalamus

17. Hippocampus Wraps around back of the thalamus
Can store & retrieve memories (long-term)
Can trigger emotions (amygdala) related to memories
Looks (kind of) like a seahorse

18. Hippocampus

19. Amygdala Two almond shaped structures
Essential to feel certain emotions and perceive them in others
Fear, stress, life-saving memories

21. The Cerebral Cortex
Module 8: The Brain

22. Cerebral Cortex The wrinkled outer surface
The body’s ultimate control and information processing center
Covers the brain’s lower level structures
30 billion nerve cells can exist in a tissue layer 1/8th of an inch thick.

23. Longitudinal Fissure Most dramatic feature of cortex.
The crevice that divides the brain into two halves or hemispheres.
The Corpus Callosum is the large band of neural fibers that connects the two halves and carries messages between them.
This and other fissures in the brain create 4 major divisions in the brain called lobes.

25. Frontal Lobes Lays just behind the forehead
Is involved in making plans and judgments
Doesn’t fully develop until you’re 22
See…it’s not ALL your fault your make dumb decisions 

27. Parietal Lobes Behind frontal lobe General processing, math reasoning
“Association Lobes”
Behind the frontal lobes
Integrates/processes taste, temp., and touch.

29. Occipital Lobe The primary visual processing area
Located in the back of the head
Essential for reading and reading comprehension
Interprets color and visual images of language

31. Temporal Lobes Receive and interpret auditory info
You can understand language before you can speak it because of temporal development
Located roughly above the ears

32. Technically, it would be here  But then we couldn’t see the inside of the brain!

33. Good morning!!!
Take out your BRAIN NOTES from Tuesday! It was a chart!
Sit quietly PLEASE 

34. Motor Cortex Issues orders for body movement (voluntary)
Area at the rear of the frontal lobes
Different parts of the cortex control different parts of the body.
left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and visa versa.

37. Sensory Cortex Located in the front of the parietal lobes
Registers and processes body senses (tickle, pain, sensitivity to touch, etc.
Soma is Greek for “body.”

39. Hemispheric Differences
Module 8: The Brain

40. Hemispheric Differences
“Left-brained” and “right-brained” debunked
Brain is divided into two hemispheres but works as a single entity.
Both sides continually communicate via the corpus callosum, except in those with split brains.

41. Hemispheric Differences: Language and Spatial Abilities
Module 8: The Brain

42. The Brain’s Left Hemisphere
For most people, language functions are in the left hemisphere.
For a small percentage of people, language functions are in the right hemisphere.

43. Broca’s Area
Located in the frontal lobe and usually in the left hemisphere
Responsible for the muscle movements of speech
If damaged the person can form ideas but can’t express them as speech

46. Wernicke’s Area Located in the temporal lobe
Involved in language comprehension and expression; our ability to understand what is said to us
Usually in the left temporal lobe

48. What part of the brain is working in each image???
Wernicke’s
Broca’s

49. The Brain’s Right Hemisphere
Houses the brain’s spatial abilities
Our spatial ability allows us to perceive or organize things in a given space, judge distance, etc.
Helps in making connections between words

50. Brain Plasticity
The ability of the brain tissue to take on new functions
Greatest in childhood
Important if parts of the brain are damaged or destroyed