1. The Road to Cystectomy: Who, When and Why?
James W.F. Catto, Derek J. Rosario 
EAU Update Series 
Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages (September 2005)
DOI: /j.euus
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Intravenous urography for TCC. Whilst IVU is primarily used to investigate haematuria and look for synchronous upper tract lesions, the presence of hydronephrosis is a grave prognostic sign. (a) A non-invasive papillary TCC produces a large filling defect but no hydronephrosis, even though situated over the left ureteric orifice. (b) Right sided hydronephrosis is present due to muscle invasion from a TCC.
EAU Update Series 2005 3, DOI: ( /j.euus )
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
MRI in organ confined TCC. T2 weighted MRI sagittal image reveals a solid growth at the base of the bladder in a 72 year old woman. The detrusor is represented by an unbroken black line indicating absence of invasion. Final pathological staging pT1.
EAU Update Series 2005 3, DOI: ( /j.euus )
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
MRI in invasive TCC. T2 weighted sagittal image reveals a tumour of the dome of the bladder. The arrow indicates invasion of the muscle wall and possible extra-vesical extension. Final Pathological stage pT3a.
EAU Update Series 2005 3, DOI: ( /j.euus )
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 4
Molecular markers in staging bladder cancer. The detection of molecular biomarkers may improve staging of bladder cancer. (a) Microvascular invasion detected by immunohistochemical staining for Ck20 (Cytokeratin 20) expressed on invasive TCC cells distant from primary tumour. (b) Islands of invasive TCC unconnected with the surface urothelium revealed by p53 staining.
EAU Update Series 2005 3, DOI: ( /j.euus )
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions