1. Cell Structure and Function

2. Essential Question
Why is the cell considered the basic unit of all life?

3. Discovery of Cells
It wasn’t until the 1600s that scientists were able to use microscopes to observe living things.

4. Cells
In 1665, Robert Hooke observed cork cells under the microscope. He called them cells.
This is a drawing he made of the cork cells.

5. More Cork Cells
Here is what cork cells look like in a modern microscope with special lighting.

6. Leeuwenhoek’s Microscope
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek used a single-lens microscope to view pond water and other things.
Here is his microscope.

7. Cell Theory All living things are made of cells.
The Cell Theory States
All living things are made of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
New cells are produced from existing cells.
It wasn’t long before scientists realized that all living things were made up of cells. This discovery brought about the formulation of the cell theory.

8. Types of Cells Cells are classified as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
Prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not inside a nucleus. No nucleus.
Eukaryotic cells have genetic materials in a nucleus. (“true” nucleus)

9. Cell Structures
Cells contain small structures called organelles. Each organelle has a specific job it performs in the cell.

10. 1.The Nucleus EX: Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Found: Both
This is a membrane-bound structure that contains the DNA. DNA is the genetic material that is the code for making proteins. Chromatin is the complex combination of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes.
EX: Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
Found: Both

11. 2. Ribosomes EX: Workers in the assembly line
Ribosomes are protein assembly organelles.
Ribosomes can be “free” in the cytoplasm or on the endoplasmic reticulum.
EX: Workers in the assembly line
Found: Both

12. 3. Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is the site where lipids of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials.
It can contain ribosomes and be Rough ER or have no ribosomes and be Smooth ER
EX: Assembly line (where workers do their work)
Found: Both

13. 4. Golgi Apparatus
The golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER.
EX: Finishing / packaging department
Found: Both

14. 5. Lysosomes Lysosomes are small organelles that contain enzymes.
These enzymes breakdown lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the cell.
Lysosomes also remove “junk and clutter” in the cell.
EX: Maintenance crew

15. 6. Vacuoles
Vacuoles are storage organelles.They store water, salts, proteins, etc.
Plants have a large vacuole that helps plants support leaves and stems.
Example: Warehouse
Found: Both

16. 7. Mitochondria
The mitochondria is the organelle that converts chemical energy from food into ATP to power cell processes.
EX: Power plant Found: Both

17. 8. Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are organelles that capture sunlight energy and convert it into chemical energy in a process known as photosynthesis.
EX: Power plant
Found: Plants

18. 9. Cell Membrane
The cell or plasma membrane surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Ex: shipping and receiving
Found: Both

19. 10. Cell Wall
A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support for the cell. Turgor pressure pushes the cell membrane to the cell wall.
Ex: Security Gate
Found: Plants

20. 11. Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm (cytosol) is the fluid outside the nucleus. It contains the organelles.
EX: factory floor where most of the products are assembled, finished, and shipped.
Found: Both

21. 12. Centrioles
Centrioles are cylindrical bundles of microtubules that function in cell reproduction.
Found: Animals

22. Division of Labor
In multicellular organisms, each cell has a specialized task to keep the organism alive.
Specialized cells include blood, muscle, heart cells, etc.
Living things are organized into the following hierarchy.
1. Cells
2. Tissues
3. Organs
4. Organ Systems
5. Organisms

23. Macromolecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystem
Biosphere

24. Levels of Organization
This chart shows the increasing complexity of organization from tiny molecules to the whole biosphere.
1. Macromolecules
2. Organelles
3. Cells
4. Tissues
5. Organs
6. Organisms
7. Populations
8. Communities
9. Ecosystems
10. Biosphere