1. Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Ethics and Leadership
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

2. Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Outline
Moral Development
Freudian Theory
Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s Levels
Social Learning Theory
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

3. Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Psychodynamic Theory 
Sigmund Freud: Three part construction of personality  Id
Home of primitive animalistic energy and subconscious drives such as hunger and sex.   
Ego
The conscious, rational aspect of personality which mediates between the demands of the id and the behavioral expectations of the world.  The ego exercises reason and sanity, evaluates consequences, and determines a course of action.
Superego
Develops between ages 3-5 – one’s conscience.  An internalized sense of morality learned from one’s parents.  Yields guilt when disobeyed. 
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

4. Critical Assessment of Freudian Theory
Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Critical Assessment of Freudian Theory
On what evidence is Freudian theory based?
Freud’s experience was largely limited to troubled, wealthy women.  He never worked with children.
There is no empirical evidence supporting many of his theoretical constructs
Lacking empirical verification, many of his theories are not clearly defined or explained. 
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

5. Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Kohlberg’s Levels
Kohlberg’s theory has 3 levels (6 stages) of moral development
Focuses primarily on moral values such as fairness, justice, equity, and human dignity
Assessing development level
Heinz dilemma
It is the reasoning of their responses, not the answer itself.
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

6. Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Heinz’s Dilemma
In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $ 1,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug for his wife. Should the husband have done that?   
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

7. Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Kohlberg’s Levels
Morality of abstract
principles: to affirm
agreed-upon rights and
personal ethical principles
Postconventional
level
Conventional
level
Morality of law and
social rules: to gain
approval or avoid
disapproval
Preconventional
level
Morality of self-interest:
to avoid punishment
or gain concrete rewards
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

8. Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Kohlbergs Theory
Level I: Preconventional
Morality externally controlled-
punishment = bad reward=good
Stage I: Punishment and obedience orientation….
obey due to superior power and rules
Fear of authority and avoid punishment
Ignore peoples intentions –can not see two points of view
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

9. Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Level I Kohlberg
Stage II: Individualism, Instrumental purpose, and exchange…
Immediate interest; what is good brings good results
Reciprocity beginning—equal exchange of favors
Start to understand that people can have different perspectives in a dilemma
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

10. Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Kohlberg’s Theory
Level II-Conventional Morality
Preserving societal order---sustaining relationships
STAGE 3: Interpersonal Expectations and Conformity
“good boy/bad girl” maintain affection and approval of significant individuals
Promotion of social harmony
Begin to understand idea behind the golden rule—ideal reciprocity
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

11. Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Level II Kohlberg
STAGE 4: Social-order Maintenance
Moral actions are defined by larger social groups—fulfill self-defined duties and uphold laws
Societal laws taken into consideration and can not be broken for any reason
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

12. Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Kohlberg’s Theory
Level III: Post Conventional Morality
More abstract principles rather than rules that apply to many situations
STAGE 5: Social Contract
Imagine alternatives to social order, rules are a contract that can be changed—free and willing participation
Laws need to be consistent with human rights
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

13. Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Level III Kohlberg
STAGE 6: Universal Ethical Principles
Self-chosen ethics –system of values and principles—respect for the worth of individuals
Respect for worth and dignity of each individual
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

14. Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Moral Development
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

15. Evaluating Kohlberg’s Theory
Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Evaluating Kohlberg’s Theory
Cross-cultural validity
Non-western cultures rarely above stage 4
Socialist people and the Heinz dilemma
Buddhist monks
Family influences
Family plays an important role (ignored in Kohlberg’s model)
Study of parents talking to children about dilemmas
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

16. Gender and Kohlberg’s scale
Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Gender and Kohlberg’s scale
When Kohlberg’s instrument was administered on a large scale, it was discovered that females often scored a full stage below their male counterparts.
The moral reasoning of women and girls was more likely to value looking for a solution that preserved connections. This often looked like the “good girl” orientation, Level 2.
Gilligan’s argument
Men: justice and fairness
Women: responsibility to show care and avoid harm
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

17. Differences between Men’s Moral Voices and Women’s Moral Voices
Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Differences between Men’s Moral Voices and Women’s Moral Voices
Men
Justice
Rights
Treating everyone fairly and the same
Apply rules impartially to everyone
Responsibility toward abstract codes of conduct
Women
Care
Responsibility
Caring about everyone’s suffering
Preserve emotional connectedness
Responsibility toward real individuals
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

18. Differences between Men’s and Women’s View of the Self
Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Differences between Men’s and Women’s View of the Self
Women
Relatedness
Interdependence
Emotional connectedness
Responsiveness to needs of others
Web of relationships
Empathy & connectedness guide interactions
Roles are secondary to connections
Men
Autonomy
Freedom
Independence
Separateness
Hierarchy
Rules guide interactions
Roles establish places in the hierarchy
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

19. Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Gilligan
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

20. Social Learning Theory Perspective
Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Social Learning Theory Perspective
Modeling and Positive Discipline
Reinforcement (positive discipline):
Our parents teach us that it is good to be helpful-- we are rewarded for helping and punished for not helping
Model characteristics that promote imitation
warmth and responsiveness
competence and power
consistency between assertions and behavior
Positive discipline helps children acquire positive behavior
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

21. Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Punishment
Promotes only momentary compliance
Undesirable side effects:
Adult models of aggression
Learn to avoid the punishing adult
Offers immediate relief to parents (reinforced for using coercive discipline), so that parent is more likely to punish with greater frequency over time (can spiral into serious abuse)
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

22. Social Learning Theory: Example
Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Social Learning Theory: Example
The Salvation Army Santa Claus study:
When a confederate walked out of a store in front of a SS and gave a dollar to Santa Claus, the SS was more likely to give a dollar himself than when there was no confederate
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

23. Social Learning Theory: Example
Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Social Learning Theory: Example
Rushton & Campbell, 1977:
SS and confederate interacted in the lab
Left the study together and passed a blood donation booth
2 conditions: Confederate volunteered to give blood or not
Results:
Model = 67% agreed to donate--33% followed through
No model = 25% agreed to donate-- 0% followed through
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

24. Foundations of Leadership Studies
4/19/2019
Discussion
How do these theories of moral development relate to the study of leadership?
Be sure to address both the leader and the follower in your discussion
Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics