1. Introduction Information about people who are surveyed can be captured in two-way frequency tables. A two-way frequency table is a table of data that separates responses by a characteristic of the respondents. 1 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables Type of characteristic Type of response Response 1Response 2 Characteristic 1ab cd

2. Introduction, continued Each cell in the table contains a count of the people with a given characteristic who gave each response. For example, in the table, a, b, c, and d would each be counts for the responses given by people with each characteristic. The sum of all the cells, a + b + c + d, is the total number of respondents. Two-way frequency tables help organize information and provide greater insight into features of a population being surveyed. A trend, or pattern in the data, can be examined using a two-way frequency table. 2 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables

3. Introduction, continued A joint frequency is the number of responses for a given characteristic. The entries in the cells of a two-way frequency table are joint frequencies. In the sample table, a, b, c, and d are each joint frequencies. A marginal frequency is the total number of times a response was given, or the total number of respondents with a given characteristic. This is the sum of either a row or a column in a two-way frequency table. In the sample table, a + b would be the marginal frequency of people with Characteristic 1. 3 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables

4. Introduction, continued A conditional relative frequency allows a comparison to be made for multiple responses in a single row, single column, or table. Relative frequencies are expressed as a percentage, usually written as a decimal. They are found by dividing the number of responses by either the total number of people who gave that response, the total number of people with a given characteristic, or the total number of respondents. In the sample table, is the relative frequency of Response 1 for people with Characteristic 1. 4 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables

5. Key Concepts A two-way frequency table divides survey responses by characteristics of respondents. The number of times a response was given by people with a certain characteristic is called a joint frequency. A marginal frequency is the total number of times a response is given, or the total number of people with a certain characteristic. 5 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables

6. Key Concepts, continued A conditional relative frequency expresses a number of responses as a percentage of the total number of respondents, the total number of people with a given characteristic, or the total number of times a specific response was given. Trends, or patterns of responses, can be identified by looking at the frequency of responses. 6 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables

7. Common Errors/Misconceptions incorrectly locating frequencies in the table incorrectly calculating conditional relative frequencies by being inconsistent in the method used (dividing by the number of times a response was given, the number of people with a given characteristic, or the total number of respondents) 7 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables

8. Guided Practice Example 2 Abigail surveys students in different grades, and asks each student which pet they prefer. The responses are in the table below. What is the marginal frequency of each type of pet? 8 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables Grade Preferred pet BirdCatDogFish 93495322 107366410

9. Guided Practice: Example 2, continued 1.Sum the responses of people with each characteristic for the first pet type, bird. 3 people in grade 9 preferred birds, and 7 people in grade 10 preferred birds. 3 + 7 = 10 people who preferred birds 9 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables

10. Guided Practice: Example 2, continued 2.Sum the responses of people with each characteristic for the second pet type, cat. 49 people in grade 9 preferred cats, and 36 people in grade 10 preferred cats. 49 + 36 = 85 people who preferred cats 10 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables

11. Guided Practice: Example 2, continued 3.Sum the responses of people with each characteristic for the third pet type, dog. 53 people in grade 9 preferred dogs, and 64 people in grade 10 preferred dogs. 53 + 64 = 117 people who preferred dogs 11 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables

12. Guided Practice: Example 2, continued 4.Sum the responses of people with each characteristic for the fourth pet type, fish. 22 people in grade 9 preferred fish, and 10 people in grade 10 preferred fish. 22 + 10 = 32 people who preferred fish 12 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables

13. Guided Practice: Example 2, continued 5.Organize the marginal frequencies in a two-way frequency table. Create a row and include the marginal frequencies of each response under the name of each response. 13 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables Grade Preferred pet BirdCatDogFish 93495322 107366410 Total108511732

14. 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables Guided Practice: Example 2, continued 14

15. Guided Practice Example 3 Ms. Scanlon surveys her students about the time they spend studying. She creates a table showing the amount of time students studied and the score each student earned on a recent test. 15 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables Hours spent studying Test score 0–2526–5051–7576–100 0–228122 2–4010824 4–61029 6+0014

16. Guided Practice: Example 3, continued Ms. Scanlon wants to understand the distribution of scores among all the students, and to get a sense of how students are performing and how much students are studying. Find the conditional relative frequencies as a percentage of the total number of students. 16 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables

17. Guided Practice: Example 3, continued 1.Find the total number of students represented in the table by summing the joint frequencies. 2 + 8 + 12 + 2 + 0 + 10 + 8 + 24 + 1 + 0 + 2 + 9 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 4 = 83 17 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables

18. Guided Practice: Example 3, continued 2.Divide each joint frequency by the total number of students. 18 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables

19. Guided Practice: Example 3, continued 3.Represent the conditional joint frequencies in a new table. Insert each conditional joint frequency in a table set up the same way as the two-way frequency table. 19 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables Hours spent studying Test score 0–2526–5051–7576–100 0–20.0240.0960.1450.024 2–400.1200.0960.289 4–60.01200.0240.108 6+000.0120.048

20. 4.2.1: Summarizing Data Using Two-Way Frequency Tables Guided Practice: Example 3, continued 20