1. Chemistry/Physical Setting
Introduction to Functional Groups
Br. Jabreal

2. Aim: How are organic compounds classified according to functional groups?
Do Now: What are organic compounds? What are hydrocarbons, and what is a “substituent”? Give some examples.
Organic compounds are compounds containing carbon.
Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds, made up of only carbon and hydrogen (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)
Substituents are attachments to the hydrocarbon parent chain. Ex. Methyl and ethyl groups.

3. Functional Groups
Functional Group: Specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that gives it the ability to undergo certain chemical reactions.
These are basically substituent's that are not carbon and hydrogen.
Organic compounds are categorized according to the functional groups they have.

4. Functional Groups
Open to Table R of the Reference tables, and look at the general formula column.
“R” represents the carbon chain of the compound.
Ex. R-X (halides)
This could be for example CH3-X, or it could be CH3CH3-X, or it could be CH3CH2CH3-X, etc.
As long as it has some carbon chain connected to X (one of the halogens), then it is classified in this group.

6. (Alkyl) Halides
Halides: Organic compound with at least one covalently bonded halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I).
The functional group/substituent that is attached to the carbon-chain is one of the halogens.
Can also be referred to as halocarbons or alkyl halides.
General formula R-X, where R is the carbon chain and X is one of the halogens.

7. Halides Ex. Chloromethane Ex. Chloroethene
Note: To name halides, just put the halogen name (chloro-, fluoro-, bromo-, or iodo-) in front of the name of the hydrocarbon chain.
You should number the location of the halogen functional group in the name.
Ex. Chloromethane
Ex. Chloroethene
Ex. 2-bromobutane

8. Practice Draw the structural formula of 1-fluoropentane.
Draw the structural formula of ,2-dichloroethane.

9. Alcohols
Alcohol: Organic compound with a hydroxyl group (–OH) as the functional group.
General Formula: R-OH
It has at least one “OH” bonded to the carbon chain.
To name them, drop the “e” from the end of the alkane name and replace it with “ol”
Ex. If it has two carbons and an OH, then change ethane to ethanol.

10. Naming Alcohols
Ex.
Note: In the name you must indicate the location of the –OH

11. Practice
Draw the structural formula of 2-butanol.

12. Ethers
Ether: Organic compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon groups.
Follows general formula of R-O-R’
Where R and R’ are carbon chains. They can be the same but do not need to be.
To name ethers: the two carbon chain groups are named followed by “ether”.
Ex.

13. Naming Ethers
Ex.

14. Practice
Name the following compound

15. Amines
Amine: Organic compound containing an amino functional group (-NH2).
To name, drop the “e” from the parent alkane and replace it with amine.
Ex.
1-propanamine

16. Carbonyl Compounds
A few classes of organic compounds are classified based on the presence of the carbonyl functional group.
Carbonyl Group:
Aldehydes, Ketones, organic acids, and esters contain the carbonyl functional group.

17. Aldehyde
Aldehyde: Organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to at least one hydrogen.
R can either be a carbon chain or another H.

18. Naming Aldehydes
To name aldehyde, remove the “e” and add “al.”

20. Ketones
Ketone: Organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined with two carbon chains.

21. Naming ketones
To name a ketone, remove the “e” and add “one.” State in the beginning of the name the carbon number that is part of the carbonyl.
2-Pentanone

22. Practice
Draw the structural formula of 2-heptanone. Then draw and name a structural isomer of the compound.

23. Organic (Carboxylic) Acids
Organic/Carboxylic Acid: Organic compound with a carboxyl group.
Carboxyl group: Functional group of a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group.
Can be written as –COOH

24. Naming Organic Acids
To name an organic acid, remove the –e from the name of the parent structure and replace it with –oic acid.

25. Practice
Name the following organic acid:

26. Esters
Ester: Organic compound in which the –OH of the carboxyl group has been replaced by an –OR

27. Esters
Don’t worry about naming esters, but you must be able to identify them. Which of the following is an ester?

28. Homework
Pages
Questions 26, 27(a), 28(a,b), 29 (name and write the structural formula, don’t worry about the isomers), 38(a), 44(a,d,f)