1. ELIZABETH REGINA
“I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king…”

2. RELIGIOUS ISSUES DIVIDED ENGLAND
Protestant v. Catholic
Elizabeth was a politique
Act of Uniformity 1559
Created a national and only legal church
Act of Supremacy 1559
Made the queen head of all England’s institutions
What was important to Elizabeth?

3. MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

4. Mary and her first husband, François II of France

5. Queen of Scotland at age of 6 days in 1542
Sent to court of Henri II of France
Married to dauphin
Queen of France
Returned to Scotland in1561
Married Henry, Lord Darnley
Son James born in 1566
Darnley murdered in February 1567
Married Earl of Bothwell June 1567
Nobles rose against Mary
Defeated at Carbury Hill, she abdicated
Fled to England
Imprisoned by Elizabeth
Babington plot
Executed at Fotheringay 1587

6. The trial of Mary, Queen of Scots

7. The execution of Mary February 1587

8. Why did Elizabeth sign the order of execution?
What were the consequences?

9. PHILIP II OF SPAIN Relations between Spain and England
The marriage question
Sir Francis Drake and his Sea dogs
The execution of Mary Queen of Scots

10. Sir Francis Drake

11. The golden hind

12. THE SPANISH ARMADA AUGUST 1588

13. THE SPANISH ARMADA

14. CONSEQUENCES OF THE DEFEAT OF THE ARMADA
Decline of Spain’s political power
Religious implications…Catholic Reformation suffered a setback
England’s power increased
free to develop overseas trade and colonies
great national pride…
the Elizabethan Age

15. FINANCIAL ISSUES
$$$$
Colonies
Joint stock companies

16. PARLIAMENT
Elizabeth managed to work with Parliament for most of her reign
Religious compromise began to deteriorate late in her reign
Problems with Puritans
Two grievances
retention of Catholic ceremony & vestments
continuation of the episcopal system

17. Puritans…
2 grievances
Worked through Parliament to create an alternative national church with semiautonomous congregations
Elizabeth refused to concede anything that lessened the unity of the Anglican Church and her control of it
More extreme Puritans…Congregationalists
1593: Conventicle Act …conform or exile

18. ELIZABETHAN ENGLAND London Theater 200,000 residents elegant and raw
The Globe
Seated 2300

19. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
The symbol of England’s golden age of literature, Shakespeare’s plays were written during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I
The Globe theater sat 2300 people plus groundlings

20. JAMES I 1603-1625 1ST Stuart king believed he ruled by divine right
Quarrels with Parliament
money
religion
Accomplishments
King James Bible 1611

21. CHARLES I

22. CHARLES AND PARLIAMENT
..firm believer in divine right
..too much pride and no common sense
..always needed $$$
..1628: Petition of Right
..1629: Charles dissolved Parliament
: king ruled w/o Parliament
resorted to all sorts of fees and fines
unpopularity grew greater each year

23. TOWARDS CIVIL WAR Religious policies
Puritans fled England
William Laud appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Laud forced Scottish Presbyterians to follow the Anglicans
1641: Parliament passed laws limiting the power of the king
1642: Charles & 400 soldiers stormed Commons to arrest 5 Puritan leaders. “ I see that the birds have flown.”

24. CIVIL WAR 1642-1649 Cavaliers v. Roundheads New Model Army
Oliver Cromwell
Naseby
Execution of the king
January 30, 1649
“Behold the head of a traitor.”
1st time a king faced public trial and official execution

25. THE COMMONWEALTH Cromwell ruled as “Lord Protector” Rump Parliament
Reformed society
Puritan laws
Merrymaking and amusement illegal
Oliver Cromwell died in 1658
Richard…”Tumbledown Dick” ruled til 1660

26. IRELAND Irish began rebelling after the death of Charles I
Cromwell led a Protestant army to Ireland in August, 1649
Drogheda
all 9000 residents massacred
Irish lands given to English soldiers
Northern counties set aside as English property
616,000 Irish…1/2 the population perished between 1641 and 1652

27. CHARLES II AND THE RESTORATION
King
drama and poetry
more moderate
issues with Parliament…money and religion
1670: Treaty of Dover
1679: Habeas Corpus Act
no legitimate children
deathbed conversion to Catholicism

28. POLITICAL PARTIES
WHIGS
TORIES

29. JAMES II King 1685-1688 Antagonized even his firmest friends
Announced that Catholics could hold government posts
Stationed 13,000 soldiers outside of London
June 1688: son born to James and Mary of Modena…a Catholic

30. The birth of political parties
TORIES: those who supported the king…
WHIGS: those who opposed James…
THE TWO PARTY POLITICAL SYSTEM IN BOTH THE U.S. AND BRITAIN HAS ITS ROOTS IN THIS CONFLICT

31. GLORIOUS REVOLUTION OF 1688
English Protestants terrified at the idea of a Catholic king
James had two Protestant daughters from his 1st marriage
Whigs and Tories invited the eldest, Mary, and her husband William of Orange to overthrow James II

32. WILLIAM AND MARY Landed in England in November 1688
James’ troops deserted James and joined William
James fled to France
1689: Parliament asked William and Mary to rule as joint sovereigns

33. WHO HAD THE POWER?? Parliament John Locke
William and Mary agreed to “govern the people of England…according to the statutes of Parliament agreed on and the laws and customs of the same.”
John Locke
wrote to justify the Glorious Revolution
Two Treatises on Government
a contract between the ruler and the people
right to life, liberty and property

34. ANNE…the last Stuart
born February 1665 to Catholic Duke and Duchess of York…but raised Protestant
poorly educated and sickly
married Prince George of Denmark
5 children and 12 miscarriages
Act of Settlement 1701
Act of Union 1707
supported War of Spanish Succession