1. Rocks What is a rock? a. Naturally occurring b. Solid
Made of two or more minerals.
Composed mostly of these eight elements:
Oxygen-O; Silicon-Si;
Aluminum-Al; Iron-Fe;
Calcium-Ca; Sodium-Na;
Potassium-K; Magnesium-Mg
d. Their classification is based on how they were formed.

2. What is a mineral? Is naturally occurring Is a solid Is inorganic
Has a fixed chemical formula
Has an orderly crystalline structure
Over 4000 minerals!
But only eight groups commonly found in earth’s rocks.

3. Rock Types by Formation
a. Igneous
Temperatures in lower crust and upper mantle melt rock into magma. Approximately 1400 degrees C.
This liquid is less dense than solid rock so it rises.
As the magma rises, magma cools and hardens to form igneous rocks.

4. Rock Types by Formation
b. Sedimentary (most common)
Sediments, small pieces of rock, shells and other organic material are carried by wind or water and deposited.
As layers of sediment deposit on top of each other they are compacted and cemented into sedimentary rock.

5. Rock Types by Formation
c. Metamorphic
a result of changes that occur to existing rocks.
Changes are caused by high heat, pressure, or by chemical reactions.

6. The Rock Cycle

7. The rock cycle shows how the three rock types relate to each other.

8. weathering, crystallization, metamorphism
Rock Cycle There are 4 processes of rock formation that are the links between the rock types, sediment and magma.
weathering,
crystallization,
lithification
metamorphism

9. Weathering
is the gradual wearing down of all rock types once they are exposed at the surface.

10. is the cooling of magma to form an igneous rock.
Crystallization
is the cooling of magma to form an igneous rock.

11. Lithification
is the transformation of loose sediment into a rock by a slight heating and/or cementation.

12. Metamorphism
occurs when a rock is subjected to heat and pressure, transforming a rock. This can occur on any rock, even a metamorphic rock.

13. Fig. 2.9
MAGMA

14. IGNEOUS
Crystallization
MAGMA

15. IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Crystallization
MAGMA

16. Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Crystallization
MAGMA

17. Weathering
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Crystallization
Uplift
MAGMA

18. SEDIMENT SEDIMENT Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic Uplift MAGMA Weathering
Crystallization
Uplift
MAGMA

19. Erosion & Transport Water Wind Ice Gravity SEDIMENT SEDIMENT Volcanic
Weathering
Erosion & Transport
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Crystallization
Water
Uplift
MAGMA
Wind
Ice
Gravity

20. Lithification = Cementation + Compaction SEDIMENT Volcanic IGNEOUS
Erosion
SEDIMENT
Weathering
Lithification =
Cementation +
Compaction
Transport
Deposition
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
SEDIMENTARY
Crystallization
Uplift
MAGMA

21. SEDIMENT Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC Burial
Erosion
SEDIMENT
Weathering
Transport
Deposition
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
SEDIMENTARY
Increased P&T
METAMORPHIC
Crystallization
Burial
Uplift
MAGMA

22. Can you see any shortcuts?
Erosion
SEDIMENT
Weathering
Transport
Deposition
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Can you see
any shortcuts?
SEDIMENTARY
Increased P&T
METAMORPHIC
Crystallization
Melting
Burial
Uplift
MAGMA

23. SEDIMENT Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC Burial
Erosion
SEDIMENT
Weathering
Transport
Deposition
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
SEDIMENTARY
Increased P&T
METAMORPHIC
Crystallization
Melting
Burial
Uplift
MAGMA

24. In Conclusion…
The rock cycle demonstrates the relationships among the three major rock groups
It is powered by the interior heat of the Earth
As well as earth’s momentum and…
The energy from the sun
It involves processes on the Earth’s surface as well as the Earth’s interior
It connects the “hydrologic cycle” with the “tectonic cycle”.