1. Historical Perspectives
The Soul and the Body
Historical Perspectives

2. Introduction review Modern-view of the soul Implications
Naturalism – only nature exists
Materialism – all explanations reduce to matter
Physicalism – the human is only physical (mind=brain)
Determinism – only actions/events physically determined
Implications
Creativity
Heroism
Reason
All physically determined; no noble, purposeful, or meaningful end

3. Historical Perspectives – The Early Church
Irenaeus ( )
Trichotomy – spirit, soul, and body
Tertullian ( )
Dichotomy
Traducianism (vs. creationism)
Origen ( )
Pre-existence of the soul
Augustine ( )
The spirit, an extra organ of the soul?

4. Historical Perspectives – The Medieval Period
Thomas Aquinas ( )
The soul, the higher aspect of man, is rationality
The body is a lower aspect of man to be ruled by the soul

5. Historical Perspectives – The Reformation and Post-Reformation Period
Martin Luther ( )
Trichotomist or dichotomist?
Traducian
John Calvin ( )
Dichotomist
Creationist
Rene Descartes ( )
Sharp distinction between body and soul
Soul is our rationality
Soul is housed in the pineal gland in the brain

6. Historical Perspectives – The Modern Period
William Newton Clarke ( )
Theistic evolution
Psychological understanding of man
Karl Barth ( )
Emphasized the unity of the body and soul
G.C. Berkouwer ( )
Holistic approach to the body and soul
Anthony Hoekema ( )
Psychosomatic union

7. Historical Perspectives – Recent Developments
Nancy Murphy
Nonreductive physicalism
John Cooper
Holistic dualism