1. T-cell alloimmunity and chronic allograft dysfunction
Niloufar Safinia, Behdad Afzali, Kerem Atalar, Giovanna Lombardi, Robert I. Lechler 
Kidney International 
Volume 78, Pages S2-S12 (December 2010)
DOI: /ki
Copyright © 2010 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Direct, indirect, and semidirect pathways of allorecognition. (a) In the direct pathway, intact major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on donor antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is recognized directly by recipient CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. (b) The indirect pathway is characterized by recipient APC uptake of allogeneic donor MHC that has been shed through apoptosis or necrosis. This is then processed, resulting in presentation of donor antigens in the context of recipient MHC class II to recipient CD4+ T cells. (c) Semidirect allorecognition results from the transfer of cellular membrane components, including intact donor MHC, from donor APCs to recipient APCs. This process may occur through mechanisms such as cell–cell contact or through the transfer of donor exosomes that fuse with recipient APC cell membranes. Recipient APCs are then chimeric for MHC, and are able to stimulate both CD4+ and CD8+ donor T cells.
Kidney International  , S2-S12DOI: ( /ki )
Copyright © 2010 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions