1. Joints
John Kallemeyn

2. Good Joint (note gasket compression)
Rigid Rugged Resilient

3. Bad Joint (note lack of compression)
Rigid Rugged Resilient

4. Ugly Joint (note rolled gasket cracked bell)
Rigid Rugged Resilient

5. Good
Trust
Relationships
Reputation
Profits
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6. Bad-Ugly Back Charges Poor Reputation Loss of Market Share
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7. Important Topics: Giving the customer what they want
(what they asked for)
Specifications
Rings
Gaskets
Quality Control
Designing for Installation
Very important people
Calculations (If we have time)
Rigid Rugged Resilient

8. Important Topics: Giving the customer what they want
(what they asked for)
Specifications
Rings
Gaskets
Quality Control
Designing for Installation
Very important people
Calculations (If we have time)
Rigid Rugged Resilient

9. Rigid Rugged Resilient

10. What Does the Customer Want?
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11. Rigid Rugged Resilient

12. It is important to understand the specification prior to bidding
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13. The Product that is Quoted should be capable of meeting the owners expectations
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14. Rigid Rugged Resilient

15. Rigid Rugged Resilient

16. Important Topics: Giving the customer what they want
(what they asked for)
Specifications
Rings
Gaskets
Quality Control
Designing for Installation
Very important people
Calculations (If we have time)
Rigid Rugged Resilient

17. Standards For Joint Design
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18. Common Standards ASTM C 361
Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe
ASTM C 443
Standard Specification for Joints for Concrete Pipe and Manholes Using Rubber Gaskets
ASTM C 1619
Standard Specification for Elastomeric Seals for Joining Concrete Structures
ASTM C 1628
Standard Specification for Joints for Concrete Gravity Flow Sewer Pipe Using Rubber Gaskets
ACPA QCAST
ACPA Plant certification manual
Bureau of Reclamation M1
Standard Specifications for Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe (R4 Joint)
Rigid Rugged Resilient

19. Critical Joint Criteria
Specification
C361
C443
C1628
ACPA
Bureau of Rec M1 R4
Joint Taper
Yes No
Bell Thickness
Tongue Thickness
Gasket Location
Confined Joints Allowed
Single Offset Joints Allowed
(<25 ft Head)
Joint /Gasket design
Rigid Rugged Resilient

20. Joint Taper C 361 C 443 C 1628 ACPA Bureau of Rec M1 R4 8.4.7
Not more than 2o
Not more than 3.5o except tapers up to 5o are not prohibited if proven adequate
6.1.5
Not more than 2o except tapers up to 3o are not prohibited if proven adequate NA
Rigid Rugged Resilient

21. Compression and Stretch
Specification C C C
ACPA
Bureau of Rec M1 R4
Min Compression
15%
NS (2) 15
Max Compression
50% NS
50 (3)(4)
40 (6)(7)
40 (9)
Max Stretch
20% (1) 30
30 (5)
20 (8)
20 (10)
(1) 30% for gasket with design pack greater than 75%
(2) Specification reads that the Annular Space of centered joint must be less than 75% of the thickness of the uncompressed gasket
(3) 60% for non-circular joint designs
(4) 55% for joints that have offsets on both bell and spigot
(5) 35% for pipe over 96" with class E gaskets
(6) 50% for gasket pack greater than 75%
(7) 60% for all non-circular gaskets
(8) 30% for gasket with design pack greater than 75%
(9) 50% for gasket with design pack greater than 75%
(10) 30% for gasket with design pack greater than 75%
Alternative designs are acceptable if approved in writing by the owner
Rigid Rugged Resilient

22. Gasket Sealing Location
Parallel sealing surfaces of joint shall extend not less than 3/4“ away from the edge of the gasket
C 1628
Joint shall be designed to provide a minimum distance from the edge of the gasket to the entrance chamfer on the bell of a closed joint
½” for 12-27” ¾” for 30” and larger Pipe
Bureau of Reclamation R4
3/4” Distance A
Rigid Rugged Resilient

23. Rigid Rugged Resilient

24. Important Topics: Giving the customer what they want
(what they asked for)
Specifications
Rings
Gaskets
Quality Control
Designing for Installation
Very important people
Calculations (If we have time)
Rigid Rugged Resilient

25. Headers and Pallets
Concrete joints are mirror images of headers and pallets
A quality vendor for purchasing headers and pallets is must
Inspection and re-inspection are critical
Take steps to prevent production related damage to headers and pallet
Rigid Rugged Resilient

26. Header and Pallet Inspection
Incoming Inspection
Check all rings when purchased
Recheck inspection
As needed to ensure proper dimensions
QCAST requires annual inspection of header and pallets used for the production of sanitary sewer pipe and manholes
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27. Rigid Rugged Resilient

28. Rigid Rugged Resilient

29. Why Re-check Rings?
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30. Rigid Rugged Resilient

31. Rigid Rugged Resilient

32. Rigid Rugged Resilient

34. Keep headers and pallets free of concrete buildup
Advantages
Joint surfaces are smoother and more defined
Release agent is more effective
Rings easier to remove
Less damage to rings
Rigid Rugged Resilient

35. Important Topics: Giving the customer what they want
(what they asked for)
Specifications
Rings
Gaskets
Quality Control
Designing for Installation
Very important people
Calculations (If we have time)
Rigid Rugged Resilient

39. Gasket Tolerances: O-Ring
Diameter
ASTM C 361 and C 1628
Larger of ±1/64” or ±1.5%
ASTM C 443 ±6.0%
Volume
ASTM C 361 & ASTM C 1628
±3% for gaskets up to and including ½” in diameter, and ± 1% for gaskets of 1” diameter and larger. For gasket diameters between ½” and 1” the tolerance shall vary linearly from ± 3% to ± 1%.

40. Gasket Tolerances: Profile
Diameter
ASTM C 361 NA
ASTM C 1628 Larger of ±1/64” or ±3%
ASTM C 443 ±6.0%
Cut Length
ASTM C 1628 nominal cut length of ±3%

41. Physical Gasket Requirements ASTM C 1619
Physical Property Requirements of Elastomeric Seals
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
Formerly C361
Formerly C443
Standard Gaskets 54 psi
Oil Resistant Gaskets 54 psi
Standard Gaskets 13 psi
Oil Resistant Gaskets 13 psi
Gravity Flow Sewer 13 psi
Tensile, min, psi (MPA)
2300 (15.9)
1500 (10.3)
1200 (8.3)
1800 (12.4)
Elongation at break, min, %
425
350
Specified Hardness, Shore A
40-60
Oven-Age Tensile reduction, max % of original 15 20
Oven-Age Elongation reduction, max % of original 40
Oven-Age hardness increase, max -
Compression Set, max % 25
Water Absorption, max % weight increase 5 10
Ozone Resistance level, 50 pphm
No Cracks
Liquid Immersion IRM 903 Oil. Max % volume change 80
Splice Strength Classification
Class 3
Class 2

42. Gasket Splice Testing Splice ASTM C 1619 References D 2527
Class 1 20% of ultimate elongation
Class 2 50% of ultimate elongation
Class 3 100% of ultimate elongation
While elongated shall be rotated 180o in each direction
Subjected to the bend test 180o 270o The Rod used shall be equal to the gasket Diameter

43. ACPA Certification for Gasket Quality
Gasket quality shall be monitored through in-house testing of all gasket shipments Frequency for in-house testing: 12” – 33” pipe minimum of 1/300 36” pipe and larger minimum of 1/100

44. ACPA Certification for Gasket Quality
O-Ring gaskets: tested for splice strength, gasket volume, cord diameter, gasket length and gasket hardness (durometer).
Profile gaskets: tested for splice strength, gasket volume, gasket hardness (durometer), gasket length and gasket height and width.
Pre-lubricated gaskets: tested for splice strength, gasket hardness (durometer), gasket length and gasket height and width.

46. Important Topics: Giving the customer what they want
(what they asked for)
Specifications
Rings
Gaskets
Quality Control
Designing for Installation
Very important people
Calculations (If we have time)
Rigid Rugged Resilient

47. Gauge Design Height of points is critical for gauges
Gauges need to be made light enough for use but heavy to resist bending

51. Vacuum Test Quality Control
Will locate leaks through barrel and problems with joints
Rigid Rugged Resilient

52. Important Topics: Giving the customer what they want
(what they asked for)
Specifications
Rings
Gaskets
Quality Control
Designing for Installation
Very important people
Calculations (If we have time)
Rigid Rugged Resilient

53. Designing the Joint for Installation

54. Steps to Create Durable Joints
Even the best designed joint will leak if it is cracked or damaged

55. Recommended Steps to Prevent Joint Failure
Additional Bell Steel for Special Projects
Detail Joint
Epoxy coat joint sealing surface
Supply quality lube

56. Additional Bell Steel 48” B 5
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60. Epoxy Coating of O-ring joint Bells

61. Tips for lube selection:
Consistency in subfreezing weather (Northern climates)
Consistency at elevated ambient temperatures
How long does it last on a pipe and gasket in warm conditions?
Homogeneity (Does it separate?)
Lubricity (Does it work?)

62. Important Topics: Giving the customer what they want
(what they asked for)
Specifications
Rings
Gaskets
Quality Control
Designing for Installation
Very important people
Calculations (If we have time)
Rigid Rugged Resilient

63. Very Important People
Pipe Producers (Sales, Engineers, Production, QC)
Gasket Suppliers
Contractors
Inspectors
Owners
Rigid Rugged Resilient

64. Rigid Rugged Resilient

65. Important Topics: Giving the customer what they want
(what they asked for)
Specifications
Rings
Gaskets
Quality Control
Designing for Installation
Very important people
Calculations (If we have time)
Rigid Rugged Resilient

66. Critical Joint Calculations
Minimum Compression
Maximum Compression
Maximum Pack
Design of Gauges

67. Minimum Compression

68. Example Minimum Compression
36” Joint as Designed
Compression is at 37% both sides

69. Example Minimum Compression
Concrete to concrete contact
Min Compression is at 26%

71. Example Minimum Compression
Concrete to concrete contact+ snap ring loose and bent inward .050”
Min Compression is at 18%

73. Example Minimum Compression
Concrete to concrete contact + snap ring loose and bent inward .050” + header .100” small
Min Compression is at 1%

76. Example Minimum Compression
Concrete to concrete contact+ snap ring loose and bent inward .050” + header .100” small + Pallet .100” big
Min Compression is at -16%

79. Single offsets are just as susceptible to this type of tolerance stacking. They are generally plagued by a much larger Minor annular space

80. Single offset off centered
21% Compression with no tolerances added

81. Calculations Maximum Compression

82. Calculations Maximum Compression

83. Example Maximum Compression
Concrete to concrete contact
Max Compression is at 48%

85. Max Pack Does the gasket fit in the area allowed for it?

86. Max Pack Equation

87. Design gasket is 21/32” Look what happens when we stick a 3/4” in the grove

88. Gauges Go/No Go Gauges How do we ensure we are within our tolerances

89. Equations
The key is that gauges are designed with the same tolerances as used in the initial joint design