1. Solubility of Pills in Simulated Stomach Acids
By: Vincent Kaschauer
10th Grade
Pittsburgh Central Catholic High School

2. Purpose
Determine the solubility times of five different pain relievers.
Questions
Name Brand vs Generic Brand?
Coating that dissolves the fastest?

3. Background Research on NSAIDs
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) relieve pain and inflammation
Oral Administration - substance is ingested through the mouth - digested and absorbed in gastrointestinal tract
Coatings of NSAIDs : Sugar Coatings (used to mask the flavor), Film Coatings (mask flavor/ protect from light and moisture), and Enteric Coatings (hold the tablet together when in the stomach/release in intestines).

4. Background Research on Gastric Acid
The normal volume of the stomach fluid: 20 mL to 100 mL
pH is acidic (1.5 to 3.5)
Heat of stomach has a range of 37° C (98.6° F )
Solubility is the property of a substance (solute) to dissolve in a different substance (solvent) to form a homogenous mixture of solvent and solute
Distilled White Vinegar
pH of 2.5
Lemon Juice
pH of around 2.0

5. Hypothesis
Null There will not be any difference between the solubility time of each NSAIDs. Alternative There will be a difference between the solubility times of the NSAIDs.

6. Materials Advil (200 mg, film coated) {9}
Tylenol (325 mg, sugar coated) {9}
Acetaminophen (325 mg, sugar coated) {9}
Ibuprofen (200 mg, film coated) {9 }
Aspirin (325 mg, enteric coated and film coated) {9 of each}
120 mL of Lemon Juice
120 mL of Distilled White Vinegar
120 mL of Distilled Water
Celsius Thermometer
Hot Plate
40 mL Beakers {3}
25 mL Graduated Cylinder {1}
Timer
Safety Equipment
Apron/ Gloves
Safety Goggles

7. Procedure Gathered materials/ safety equipment
Poured solvent (distilled water, distilled white vinegar, and lemon juice) into the 3 beakers (8 ml in each, measured by graduated cylinder ) and placed onto Hot Plate
Heated up solvents with Hot Plate to a range of (35° C – 40° C)
Dropped the Pills into the beakers
Started timer/ Stopped when fully dissolved
Rinsed beakers and graduated cylinder
Repeated steps 2-6 for other two solvents, then change pill type and repeat
Graphed and analyzed data (check if it supports hypothesis or not)

8. Variables Controlled Variables: Same solvents/ Same Amount (8 mL)
3 Trials / Test Procedures
Strength of NSAIDS (regular strength)
Mass of Pill
Hot Plate Temperature
Manipulated Variables:
Brand of Pill
Solvent

9. Sugar Coatings on Solubility Times in Various Solvents
0.044
Time in Minutes
Solvents

10. Film Coating on Solubility Times in Various Solvents
0.0028
0.012
Time in Minutes
Solvents

11. Coating Variation on Solubility Times in Various Solvents
3.14 x 10^-12
6.3 x 10^-9 S S
Time in Minutes
6.2 x 10^-11
Aspirin S S
Acetaminophen
Aspirin S S
Solvents

12. Conclusion Name Brand vs. Generic Brand?
Reject Null for each Individual Comparison, name brand had Significantly more solubility time
Coatings?
Reject Null Hypothesis for Individual Comparison
In Distilled Water, Aspirin (Enteric)
In Distilled White Vinegar, Asprin (Film)
In Lemon Juice, Acetaminophen (Sugar)

13. Errors/ Limitations Only NSAIDs were tested There were only 3 Trials
There were only 2 Simulated Stomach Acids
Estimate of Solubility

14. Further Experiment Additions
Magnetic Stirrers- replicate stomach movement
More ‘Over-The-Counter Pills’ (not just NSAIDS)
Uncoated/Crushed Pills
More Trials
Use Hydrochloric Acid to create another Simulated Stomach Acid group
Filter “solubalized” outcome to verify solubility

15. Bibliography
Davis, Jeanie Lerche. “Taking Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)? Protect Your Tummy.” WebMD, WebMD, Davis, Jeanie Lerche.
Elert, Glenn. “Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature).” E-World, hypertextbook.com/facts/1997/LenaWong.shtml.
“Testing the Acidity of Vinegar.” Cultures for Health Testing the Acidity of Vinegar Comments, 22 Nov. 2016,
Helmenstine, Anne Marie, and Helmenstine. “What Is the PH of Lemon Juice?” Thoughtco., Dotdash,
“Home.” Pain Relief for Headaches, Migraines & Minor Arthritis,
“The Process Of Sugar Coating And Problems That One Can Encounter.” LFA Tablet Presses, 18 Jan. 2017,
“FILM COATING TABLET MATERIALS AND INGREDIENTS.” Formulation, formulation.vinensia.com/2011/05/film-coating-tablet-materials-and.html.

16. Spread Sheets Tylenol Acetaminophen D. Water D. W. Vinegar Lemon Juice
Trial 1
12:05
23:09
21:57
16:48
26:02
22:32
Trial 2
12:01
23:14
21:05
16:53
26:14
22:44
Trial 3
12:08
22:58
22:01
16:39
26:21
22:29
Advil
Ibuprofen
D. Water
D. W. Vinegar
Lemon Juice
Trial 1
09:23
22:04
22:07
10:02
23:02
23:35
Trial 2
09:31
22:21
22:19
10:12
22:54
23:41
Trial 3
09:34
21:56
22:59
10:09
22:57
23:36

17. Spread Sheets Aspirin (Enteric) D. Water D. W. Vinegar Lemon Juice
Trial 1
8.07
46.22
44.56
Trial 2
8.11
47.02
44.48
Trial 3
8.05
46.45
47.01
Aspirin (Film)
D. Water
D. W. Vinegar
Lemon Juice
Trial 1
13:05
25:11
26:40
Trial 2
13:08
25:15
26:34
Trial 3
13:14
25:08
26:31

18. Averages Time in Minutes Pills 1.98 x 10^-8 3.97 x 10^-9 7.84 x 10^-13

19. ANOVA Tylenol and Acetaminophen (Distilled Water)
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Column 1 3
1.65E-09
Column 2
6.74E-09
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups
1.6E-05 1
3807
4.13E-07
Within Groups
1.68E-08 4
4.2E-09
Total 5

20. ANOVA Tylenol and Acetaminophen (Distilled White Vinegar)
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Column 1 3
1.65E-09
Column 2
6.74E-09
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups
1.6E-05 1
3807
4.13E-07
Within Groups
1.68E-08 4
4.2E-09
Total 5

21. ANOVA Tylenol and Acetaminophen (Lemon Juice)
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Column 1 3
1.31E-07
Column 2
8.44E-09
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups
5.86E-07 1
Within Groups
2.78E-07 4
6.96E-08
Total
8.64E-07 5

22. ANOVA Advil and Ibuprofen (Distilled Water)
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Column 1 3
4.33E-09
Column 2
0.0211
3.53E-09
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups
2.95E-07 1
Within Groups
1.57E-08 4
3.93E-09
Total
3.11E-07 5

23. ANOVA Advil and Ibuprofen (Distilled White Vinegar)
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Column 1 3
2.18E-08
Column 2
2.19E-09
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups
5.16E-07 1
Within Groups
4.8E-08 4
1.2E-08
Total
5.64E-07 5

24. ANOVA Advil and Ibuprofen (Lemon Juice)
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Column 1 3
9.93E-08
Column 2
1.38E-09
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups
9.57E-07 1
Within Groups
2.01E-07 4
5.03E-08
Total
1.16E-06 5

25. ANOVA Coatings (Distilled Water)
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Column 1 3
1.25E-09
Column 2
6.74E-09
Column 3
2.81E-09
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups
5.46E-05 2
2.73E-05
6.2E-11
Within Groups
2.16E-08 6
3.6E-09
Total 8

26. ANOVA Coatings (Distilled White Vinegar)
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Column 1 3
5.4E-08
Column 2
1.24E-08
Column 3
6.21E-09
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups 2
4.53E-12
Within Groups
1.45E-07 6
2.42E-08
Total 8

27. ANOVA Coatings (Lemon Juice)
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Column 1 3
0.0386
7.45E-07
Column 2
1.24E-08
Column 3
2.81E-09
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups 2
6.3E-09
Within Groups
1.52E-06 6
2.53E-07
Total 8

28. ANOVA Tylenol vs Acetaminophen (All)
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Column 1 9
1.31E-05
Column 2
8.19E-06
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups
1.82E-05 1
Within Groups 16
1.06E-05
Total 17

29. ANOVA Advil vs Ibuprofen (All)
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Column 1 9
1.98E-05
Column 2
2.09E-05
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups
1.67E-06 1
Within Groups 16
2.04E-05
Total 17

30. ANOVA Coatings (All) Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum
Average
Variance
Column 1 9
Column 2
1.07E-05
Column 3
1.97E-05
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups 2
Within Groups 24
Total 26

31. Aspirin Also known as acetylsalicylic acid. The formula is C9H8O4
Aspirin relieves pains such as headaches, arthritis, and fever from infections.
 g/mol

32. Acetaminophen/ Tylenol
Formula C8H9NO2 or HOC6H4NHCOCH
It relieves mild pain and fever, but does not irritate the stomach, or interfere with blood clotting.  
 g/mol

33. Ibuprofen/ Advil Formula C13H18O
Works by blocking the formation of prostaglandins (hormone like chemicals found throughout the body.) ]
206.29 g/mol

34. ANOVA Comparing Aspirin Enteric and Acetaminophen
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Column 1 3
2.81E-09
Column 2
1.25E-09
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups
1.82E-05 1
7.43E-08
Within Groups
8.13E-09 4
2.03E-09
Total
1.83E-05 5

35. ANOVA Comparing Aspirin Enteric and Aspirin Film
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Column 1 3
1.25E-09
Column 2
6.74E-09
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups
5.41E-05 1
3.27E-08
Within Groups
1.6E-08 4
4E-09
Total 5

36. ANOVA Comparing Aspirin Film and Aspirin Enteric
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Column 1 3
1.65E-09
Column 2
5.4E-08
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups 1
8.98E-09
Within Groups
1.11E-07 4
2.78E-08
Total 5

37. ANOVA Comparing Aspirin Film and Acetaminophen
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Column 1 3
1.65E-09
Column 2
1.24E-08
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups
7.48E-07 1
Within Groups
2.8E-08 4
7.01E-09
Total
7.76E-07 5

38. ANOVA Comparing Acetaminophen and Aspirin Enteric
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Column 1 3
8.44E-09
Column 2
0.0386
7.45E-07
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups 1
1.37E-06
Within Groups
1.51E-06 4
3.77E-07
Total 5

39. ANOVA Comparing Acetaminophen and Aspirin Film
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Column 1 3
8.44E-09
Column 2
2.81E-09
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups
1.16E-05 1
1.41E-06
Within Groups
2.25E-08 4
5.63E-09
Total 5