1. Pathogens Cause Disease
We will focus on 4 Types of Pathogens:
Fungi
Bacteria
Viruses
Parasites

2. Pathogens Cause Disease
For each of the 4 Types of Pathogens you will need to know:
Characteristics
Spread
Treatment
Prevention
Disease examples

3. Pathogens Pathogen - Anything that can cause disease or harm
Also referred to as
microbes or germs
Virus, Bacteria &
Parasites are 3
main types of disease
spreading pathogens

4. Types of Diseases
Communicable:
- Infectious or Contagious
Caused by a Microbe entering body and reproducing – Bacteria, Virus, Parasite
Easily spread between individual organisms
EXAMPLES: Cold, Influenza, (Flu) Strep Throat
Non-communicable:
- Not infectious or contagious
Cannot be passed from person to person
Due to genetics, behavior, or environmental factors NOT a microbe/germ
EXAMPLES: Addiction, Cancer, Arthritis, Heart Disease, Diabetes

5. Virus Composed of DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein shell
NOT LIVING – Needs a host to reproduce
Very small
Vaccines used to treat

6. How a Virus Attacks a Cell…

7. Bacteria Living organisms Unicellular, prokaryotic
Reproduce using binary fission
Larger than viruses, but usually more treatable
Antibiotics used to treat

8. Fun Fact: Clean skin has about 20 million bacteria per square inch…

9. Bacteria & Cell Phones

10. Parasites
Living organisms that need a host to survive – highly adapted to their host
Unicellular or multicellular
Come in many shapes and sizes

11. Maggots in My Head http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2Ac6RYSvo8
Tapeworm in My Eye

12. Disease Research- Research a disease and find out the following:
1) What type of pathogen causes the disease?
2) What are the symptoms?
3) How is the disease spread?
4) What is the treatment for the disease?
5) Any other interesting info about the disease
6) Picture (gross is ok, but make sure it is appropriate)
Compile all of this information onto a
“mini-poster” (printer size paper) that can be displayed for a “Pathogen Gallery Walk” so others can learn about your disease as well!

13. What is a Pathogen?
Pathogens are anything that cause disease…they are also referred to as microbes and germs

14. What are the 4 Pathogens we are Focusing on?
Fungi
Bacteria
Viruses
Parasites

15. Warm Up: Comparing & Contrasting Pathogens
How are viruses and bacteria similar/different?
How are parasites and viruses similar/different?
How are fungal diseases similar/different to any of the other pathogens?
Which type of pathogen would you consider most serious and why?

16. How does it happen…LET’S INVESTIGATE!?
Spreading Disease…
How does it happen…LET’S INVESTIGATE!?

17. Who Figures All of This Out?
An Epidemiologist is a scientist who studies diseases including how they start, spread and how they are treated.
(First thing on the note guide)

18. Contagions Many pathogens are also said to be contagions…
Contagions – capable of being spread by direct or indirect contact (in other words…contagious)

19. How Do Pathogens Cause Harm?
They can change what your cells do
Viruses are specifically good at this, but carcinogens can do this as well
Mutagen – something that actually changes or “mutates” the genetic material of an organism

20. How Do Pathogens Spread?
4 main ways that pathogens are transferred:
Person to person
Food and water
Environment
Animals

21. People to People…
Carrier – a person who is infected and can infect others but may not show the symptoms of the disease themselves

22. Types of Carriers Symptomatic:
- show symptoms of the disease; they are SICK
- actively spreading disease particles to others while they are sick
May be coughing, sneezing, have runny nose
EX: Influenza, Chicken Pox, Common Cold
2. Asymptomatic:
Does NOT appear sick
Can still actively spread disease
EX: HIV, Herpes

23. Typhoid Mary

24. Food and Water
Contaminated food and water can spread pathogens, below are a few examples: =
- Infected animals
- Food or water that comes from unsanitary areas or isn’t cleaned
- Eating raw or undercooked food

25. Environments Moist Average temperatures Limited exposure to fresh air
A lot like water
Average temperatures
Not too hot or too cold
Limited exposure to fresh air
More ability to reproduce
Sunlight
Good for some, bad for others
Food sources
Sugars or decaying material

26. Animals Vector – Insects and animals that spread disease to humans
EXAMPLES:
Fleas – transmit the plague (bacterial)
Ticks – transmit Lyme disease (bacterial)
Mosquitoes – transmit Malaria (parasitic), West Nile Virus, Yellow Fever (both viral)

27. Treatment/Medicine
Antibiotics – Medicine that prevents the growth and reproduction of bacteria
Vaccines – A weak dose of a virus that helps your immune system kill the real virus later

28. Preventing the Spread…
Eat right, get enough rest, avoid stress
Antibacterial soaps and antimicrobial solutions (don’t overuse)
Antibiotics (don’t overuse)
Get vaccinated
Covering our mouths when we cough or sneeze
Avoid unnecessary contact with people, animals or objects that could be contaminated!
Keep studying diseases and how they adapt and change!

29. Pathogen Poster Walk Which disease did you research?
Walk around and view the various diseases people have researched.
Complete the pathogen gallery walk activity.

30. Quick Recap Antibiotics treat what type of pathogen?
How do antibiotics work against bacteria?
What are vaccines used for?
How do vaccines prevent viruses?
Why do we not want to overuse antibiotics, antibacterial cleaners?
Describe the job of an epidemiologist.
Why are diseases that are no longer an issue in the United States still a problem in other parts of the world?

31. Quick Recap
People that are infected with a disease are called something different than animals infected with a disease…
What is the difference between a contagion and mutagen?
How do those (contagion & mutagen) relate to communicable vs. non-communicable diseases
Does everyone that is sick show symptoms?
Why is it important to know where the people you associate with have been and who they have been in contact with?

32. The Rate of Spread…
Outbreak - The Cholera Story
John Snow

33. Cholera Background
Cholera is a disease that is spread by bacteria. The onset of cholera can appear with little or no warning, and include symptoms such as diarrhea, acute spasmodic vomiting and painful cramping. The victim can lose up to 5 gallons of liquid within 24 hours consequently causing severe dehydration accompanied by cyanosis, a condition in which the skin turns blue, skin also begins to pucker and become cold…death may occur in as little as a few hours.

34. The Cholera Story
Imagine yourself in London, the year is 1854…what would your life be like?
Suddenly, people in your neighborhood begin to get sick and die very quickly. You hear your parents whispering that this isn’t the first time they have seen this type of sickness…it happened before in 1832 and nobody really knew what to do. This time however, a doctor, John Snow, comes with a new idea…

35. The Cholera Story
He thought that if he checked the city’s death records and mapped out exactly where people were living when they died, he might find some clues as to what was causing the disease and therefore how to stop it from spreading any further.

36. The Cholera Story – Mapping Death
With this idea came the birth of early epidemiology…you are now going to take on the role of John Snow and map death to find out how you can stop the spread!!
When you are done, we will find out the cause of the outbreak and how it affected the future.

37. Ted Talks – The Ghost Map

38. Epidemic vs. Pandemic

39. Back to Cholera…
Was the cholera outbreak in London an epidemic or pandemic…why?
Outbreaks were a serious risk in the past, but what about now?

40. Map Analysis
With your table partner, analyze the maps and the information on the back of the maps.
Come up with the “Caption Box” for each map. In other words, what should the empty box next to each map say to explain the patterns seen on the map?

41. Risk of Spread of Influenza Caption Box
Countries are categorized as extreme risk because of their high population density, urbanization and busy airports.
These countries would require a tailored policy response on the part of the government and businesses to combat the risk of spread.

42. Risk of Capacity to Contain Influenza Caption Box
Countries with the highest capacity to contain a Pandemic have large stockpiles of drugs and a sophisticated health infrastructure, which means they have very effective measures to fight human influenza.
The capacity of a country to contain the spread of human influenza depends on factors of wealth, health, infrastructure, education, resources, information and communication networks, and government intervention.

43. Risk of Emergence of Influenza Caption Box
Countries most prone to risk of emergence of a strain of influenza in humans are poorer countries that have dense rural populations, with living quarters in close proximity to livestock.
This is compounded by poor hygiene, lack of access to clean water and sanitation and poor public health education or lack of access to healthcare. Little government intervention/policies to prevent this from occurring.

44. “The single biggest threat to man’s continued dominance on the planet is the virus” – Joshua Lederberg, Ph.D
How a Virus Changes the World…

45. Influenza 1918 WebQuest
Use the scan codes to work your way through the Influenza Pandemic of 1918!
Put your “Influenza of 1918” in the basket when you are done!
You may work on your Warning…Outbreak! Assignment when you are done.

46. Evolution of Epidemics & Pandemics

47. Project Outbreak
A disease is considered an outbreak when it occurs in greater numbers than expected in a community or region, or during a season. An outbreak may occur in one community or even extend to several countries. It can last from days to years. Sometimes a single case of a contagious disease is considered an outbreak if it is an unknown disease, is new to a community, or has been absent from a population for a long time. An outbreak can be categorized as an epidemic or pandemic.

48. Project Outbreak Resources