1. Good morning!!!!!!!! THOUGHT JOURNAL
Write about a mistake that you have made once that you never want to make again.

2. Chapter 3: The Biological Bases of Behavior Module 7: Neural and Hormonal Systems

3. Neurons: The building block of the nervous system!
The electrochemical communication system of the body
Brain tells body what to do, face to make expressions, etc.
Partnered with the sensory system

4. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves are formed by Neurons
The basic building block of the nervous system
perform three basic tasks
Receive information
Carry the information
Pass the information on to the next neuron

5. Neurons and “firing”
Neurons “fire” -- send an impulse down their length -- or they don’t “fire”
Neurons come in a variety of shapes, sizes, etc.

6. Parts of the Neuron - Terminals

7. Parts of the Neuron - Terminals
Here are your choices:
terminal branches, axon, soma, myelin sheath, neural impulse, dendrites

8. Neural Communication: The neural impulse
Refractory period:
The “recharging phase” after the neuron fires—it cannot generate another action potential
Once complete the neuron can fire again
Resting potential:
The state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential
The neuron is set and ready to fire
Action potential
electrical charge that travels down the axon of the neuron.
A neural impulse
Considered an “on” condition of the neuron

9. Parts of the Neuron - Terminals

11. All-or-None Principle
A neuron will always fire at the same intensity
Either fires or it doesn’t
All action potentials are of the same strength.
A neuron does NOT fire at 30%, 45% or 90% but at 100% each time it fires.

12. Communication between Neurons:
Synapse:
The tiny gap b/w two neurons
The action potential cannot jump the gap
Neurotransmitters:
messenger that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next
Can influence whether the second neuron will generate an action potential or not

13. Neurotransmitters

17. Excitatory effect Inhibitory Effect
A neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that the receiving neuron will fire
The second neuron is less likely to fire.
A neurotransmitter effect that makes it MORE likely that the receiving neuron will fire or have action potential
The second neuron is more likely to fire.

18. Neural Communication: The Neural Chain (the path info follows as it is processed by the nervous system) Receptor Cells Sensory Nerves
Cells that take energy & turn it into a neural impulse that your brain can understand
Eyes turn light energy into a nerve impulse; ears process sound energy; taste, smell, touch, etc.
Connect the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord

19. Interneurons Motor Nerves
Your brain gets info and has to determine if action is necessary and then send word to your motor nerves
Nerves that carry info away from central nervous system to part of the body that can take action
Nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
Processing neurons
Figure out what is significant vs. insignificant

20. A Neural Chain

21. A Neural Chain

22. A Neural Chain

23. A Neural Chain

24. A Neural Chain

25. The Nervous System

26. Divisions of the Nervous System

27. Central Nervous System (CNS)
The brain and spinal cord
brain processes information
spinal cord is the pathway to and from the brain.

28. Spinal Cord

29. Divisions of the Nervous System

30. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The sensory and motor nerves that feed into and branch out of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral means “outer region”
Subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

31. Divisions of the Nervous System

32. Somatic Nervous System
Contains the motor nerves needed for the voluntary muscles

33. Divisions of the Nervous System

34. Autonomic Nervous System
Monitors the automatic functions of your body
Controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs
Controls breathing, blood pressure, and digestive processes
Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

35. Divisions of the Nervous System

36. Sympathetic Nervous System
In charge of arousal
lets body deal with perceived threats
Fight or flight response

37. Divisions of the Nervous System

38. Parasympathetic Nervous System
calms the body
Brings the body back down to a relaxed state

40. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

41. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

42. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

43. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

44. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

45. The End

46. Module 7: Neural and Hormonal Systems
The Endocrine System
Module 7: Neural and Hormonal Systems

47. One of the body’s two communication systems
Endocrine System
One of the body’s two communication systems
Slower to awaken, slower to shut down
A set of glands that produce hormones

48. Hormone
Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands and circulated in the blood
Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are also messengers
Slower communication system, but with longer lasting effects

49. Pituitary Gland
The endocrine system’s gland that controls the other endocrine glands
“Master gland” (size of pea)
Located at the base of the brain and connects to the hypothalamus
Brain gets this gland to release hormones that stimulate/inhibit release of other hormones.
Also releases hormones related to physical growth and pregnancy.

50. Endocrine System

51. Thyroid Gland
Endocrine gland that helps regulate the energy level in the body
Located in the neck

52. Endocrine System

53. Adrenal Gland
Endocrine glands that help to arouse the body in times of stress
Located just above the kidneys
Release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Enhance strength and endurance in emergency situations

54. Endocrine System

55. Pancreatic Gland
Regulates the level of blood sugar in the blood

56. Endocrine System

57. Sex Glands
Ovaries (females) and testes (males) are the glands that influence emotion and physical development.
Testosterone – primary males hormone
Estrogen – primary female hormone
Males and females have both estrogen and testosterone in their systems.

58. Endocrine System