1. Migrations

2. Bantu Migrations

3. The Bantu peoples Originated in the region around modern Nigeria
Agricultural Society
Cultivated yams and palm oil
Herded goats
Population pressure drove migrations
Spread to south and east
Languages differentiated into about 500 distinct related tongues

4. Early migrations of Bantu (3000-1000 B.C.E.)
Move south and west into the forest lands
Absorb much of the population of hunter/gather/fisher people
By 1000 B.C.E. occupy most of Africa south of the equator

5. Bantu rate of migration increases after 1000 B.C.E.
appearance of iron
Iron tools allow them to clear more land for agriculture
Iron weapons give them stronger position
Bantu rate of migration increases after 1000 B.C.E.

6. Early Agricultural Societies Of Sub-Saharan Africa
Many other societies besides Bantu migrate
Spread of agriculture to most of sub-Saharan Africa by 1000 B.C.E.
Much mixing of cultures
Religious differences by area
Some worship single, impersonal divine force representing good and bad
Many individuals pray to ancestors and local gods
Early Agricultural Societies Of Sub-Saharan Africa
Watch the Migration

7. Indo-European Migrations

8. Indo-European Origins
Linguists discover similarities between many languages
they must be related
Dark Green: majority of people speak IE languages
Light Green: IE minority language with official status

9. Who were the Indo-Europeans?
Originate in steppes of central Asia
probably southern Russia or the Ukraine
Organized into small tribes
pastoral people
Cattle were the primary measure of wealth
Consumed dairy and beef products
Calculated prices in terms of cattle
Domesticate horses
learn to ride
use horses with carts
then chariots
Who were the Indo-Europeans?

10. Indo-European Expansion & Its Effects
Indo-European society begin to migrate around 3000 B.C.E.
Hittites settle in central Anatolia about 2000 B.C.E.
Build powerful kingdoms
Conquer Babylonian empire 1595 B.C.E.
Dissolve by about 1200 B.C.E.
Technology: light horse-drawn chariots (spokes) and iron metallurgy
Some migrate into central Asia by 2000 B.C.E.
Other migrations: Greece, Italy, central Europe, western Europe, Britain
All pastoral agriculturalists
All speak related languages and worship similar deities
Later wave of migrations to Iran and India (“Aryan”)
Influence social hierarchy and religion

11. Watch the Migration

12. Harappan Society developed along the Indus river valley around 3000 bce
Mohenjo-Daro developed along the Indus river
Both very advanced cities and laid the foundation for future empires

13. Aryans Indo-European – pastoral / agriculture
Sanskrit – sacred language
Prakrit – everyday language
Vedas – collections of religious and literary works – orally transmitted
Caste system – determined the places that individuals and groups occupied in society – patriarchal society
Aryans

14. Varnas – refers to social classes “color”
Brahmins – priests
Kshatriyas - warriors and aristocrats
Vaishyas – cultivators, artisans, merchants
Shudras – landless peasants, serfs
Untouchables – performed dirty or unpleasant task
Jati – subcastes – occupation largely determined this