1. Between World Wars

2. Vocabulary Totalitarian
A form of government where the government/leader has total control over the way citizens think and live.
Fascism
A form of government where the state (country) is glorified above the individual. Personal sacrifices have to be made for the betterment of the country.
Communism
A form of government that ends all social class divisions and the ownership of private property.
Censorship
Banning of all written, spoken, or visual material critical of the government.
Propaganda
The government’s effort to influence public opinion or the way people feel about something.
Collectivization
Stalin’s plan to combine small farms into large, factory-like farms run by the government.
Five-Year Plan
Stalin’s plan to change the Soviet Union from an agricultural to industrial country.
Purge
Forcibly remove someone or something. Stalin imprisoned or killed anyone opposed to him or his policies.

3. Vocabulary Weimar Republic
The name given to the “new” German government after WW1.
Nazism
Political party that Hitler belonged to. Stands for the National Socialist German Workers’ Party.
Gestapo
Hitler’s secret police who used terror tactics to enforce his policies.
Aryans
The name Hitler gave to Germans as a “master race”. The perfect German had blonde hair and blue eyes.
Mein Kampf
A book written by Hitler in which he discussed his goals for improving Germany, and he blames the loss of WW1 on the Jews.
Black Shirts
The name given to Mussolini’s supporters.
Brown Shirts
The name given to Hitler’s supporters.
Nuremburg Laws
Laws passed in German territories limiting the rights of Jewish citizens.
Anti-semitism
Anti-Jewish feelings.
Expansionism
Japan’s policy of conquering other territories after WW1 in an effort to creating a Japanese empire in Asia.

4. Changes in Governments
Totalitarian governments take over Europe!!! (When leaders control every aspect of your life…). Use propaganda, censorship, and secret police to control the citizens.
Fascism – a form of government that is nationalistic to the extreme. War is glorified. The government has total control of your life, and is led by a dictator or a small group of people. Fascism allows individuals to have private property and allows for class system (lower, middle, upper) Ex. Italy, Germany
Communism – a form of government where a dictator or small group of people control every aspect of your life. Under communism, there are no social classes (everyone is equal) and you are not allowed to own private property. Ex. Soviet Union, China

5. The Rise of Stalin
Vladimir Lenin dies in Leon Trotsky is the head of the Russian military and Joseph Stalin is head of the communist party.
In 1928, Trotsky was in line to assume control of Soviet Union. Stalin accused him of wanting to break apart the Soviet Union and had him exiled to Siberia, and then later out of the country.
Stalin takes control of the Soviet Union and kills anyone who opposes his rule during The Great Purge.

6. The Rise of Stalin Country began to industrialize again.
Created a secret police to monitor everything said or written (terrorized the people).
Censored all sources of information, used propaganda to keep power, killed religious leaders, outlawed religion.

7. The Rise of Stalin
Came up with the Five Year Plans – change the country from agricultural to industrial.
Focused on iron and steel production, so there was a shortage of regular household goods.
Started collectivization of farms: government took over all of the farms, forced the people to work them. Increased food production.
Wealthy peasants (kulaks) protested collectivization and were killed.
Improved the economy and education, banned religion, people had no rights.
Anyone who disagreed would be killed.

8. Fascism – A New form of government
People in Italy and Germany blamed democratic governments for the problems that existed after WW1.
They were willing to try new, radical forms of government to try and improve the conditions in their countries.
Fascism focused on extreme nationalism. It included special salutes, military steps and emblems; holding rallies and military parades for the public; forming elite military groups that used absolute power and terror tactics.

9. The Rise of Mussolini
Italy is angry because they didn’t get the land it was promised at the end of WWI, and their economy is in the dumps due to the war and the depression because of inflation and high unemployment.
Benito Mussolini starts the Fascist party in Followers are the Black Shirts, and they use violence to force people to follow them.
King Victor Emmanuel III named Mussolini the Prime Minister (1922).

10. The Rise of Mussolini
After a corrupt election, Mussolini names himself Il Duce, “The Leader”
Banned all other political parties
Killed anyone who disagreed with Fascism
Stopped Communism from spreading to Italy
Decreased unemployment by increasing the military
To show anger over the Treaty of Versailles, he invaded Ethiopia in

11. The Rise of Hitler Germany owed the Allies $33 billion dollars.
Began printing money (ex. Before the war, 4 marks = $1, after 4 trillion marks = $1)
Hitler joins the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers’ Party) in 1919, takes control of the Party by 1921.
After a failed attempt to start a revolution, he is thrown into jail. He writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle): he blames the Jews and the Communists for the loss of WWI, says the Germans (Aryans) are a “master race.”

12. The Rise of Hitler
Passed the Nuremburg Laws: barred Jews from schools, owning businesses, holding government office, and force the Jews to wear the yellow stars. Encouraged anti- semitism (anti-Jewish feelings).
Ignored the revenge clauses in the Treaty of Versailles.
Hitler’s ideas begin to become popular and the Nazi’s take over the government.
Hitler forces the German President to name him Chancellor of Germany.
Hitler banned freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and the press.

13. Japan Japan is a major manufacturing center after WWI.
Population increases cause food shortages, on top of the effects of the depression (job loss, low wages)
The military blames the government for becoming too “Western.”
Look for new markets to sell their products to and get resources from.
The military takes over the government (militarism). They focus on a policy of expansionism by invading Manchuria in 1931 and attacking China in 1937.
Hideki Tojo (military general) runs the nation – wants to create a Japanese Empire in Asia.

14. 1936, General Francisco Franco led a military revolt against the government.
Caused a bloody Civil War.
Hitler and Mussolini helped Franco (Germany gave him new weapons to test).
The U.S. and other countries tried to help the government.
Franco became dictator when the civil war ended in 1939.
Spain