1. Chapter 2: Inventions and Origins

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Objectives
Produce a short motion picture in a collaborative group using visual storytelling.
Investigate the origins and basic optical principles of motion pictures.
Evaluate the effectiveness of visual communication in a variety of moving images.
© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

3. Projecting and Playing with Light
Magic lantern
Phenakistoscope
Zoetrope
Praxinoscope
Emile Reynaud, later developed Théâtre Optique
Zoopraxiscope
Eadward Muybridge, first projected moving images
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4. © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Photography
Camera obscura & pinhole camera
First permanent photograph
Niépce’s heliography
Camera & film
Lens
Shutter
Negative
Film roll
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5. © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Photography in Motion
Eadward Muybridge
Series of successive images
Etienne-Jules Marey
Photographic gun
Edison Studios & W.K.L.
Dickson
Kinetograph
Kinetoscope
Lumière brothers
Cinematograph
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6. © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Early Motion Pictures
Lumière studios
Sprinkling the Sprinkler, Arrival of a Train…
Georges Méliès
Editing shots, superimposition, matte shots, dissolves, and simple camera movement
G.A. Smith
Simple continuity and
extreme close-ups
Courtesy Star Film/Photofest
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7. Further Steps in Narrative Sequences
Building Sequences
Edwin S. Porter
Life of an American Fireman
The Great Train Robbery
Alice Guy Blaché
Use of close-up to build
narrative
Cross-cutting
Courtesy Photofest
© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

8. Editing: Tools and Standard Steps
Splicer
Trim bin
Viewing systems
Moviola
Flat-bed editing machine
Steps in process
Assembly
Rough cut
Fine cut and final cut
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9. Editing: Key Developments
Eyeline matches
Reverse shot
Insert shot
Cutaway shot
Kuleshov effect
Establishing shot
Meaning created between shots
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10. © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
“Silent” Films?
Musical accompaniment
Piano or organ
Small ensembles or orchestras
Sound effects
Narrators, such as benshi in Japan
Sync sound, such as chronophone
© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

11. © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Summary
In Chapter 2, you investigated the initial developments of motion picture technology and the communicative discoveries of early filmmakers.
You studied devices such as the magic lantern, Kinetoscope, and cinematograph as well as the communicative advances of such filmmakers as Georges Méliès, G.A. Smith, Alice Guy Blaché, and Edwin S. Porter.
In the work of this unit, you are exploring the basics of cinematic narrative using visual sequences to articulate your thoughts, stories, and emotions. Like the early filmmakers, you can use sound as an expressive resource as you transmit ideas visually.
© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning