1. Chapter 4 Organizational Behavior Nelson & Quick, 6th edition
Attitudes, Emotions, & Ethics
Chapter 4 Organizational Behavior Nelson & Quick, 6th edition

2. Attitude
Attitude - a psychological tendency expressed by evaluating an entity with some degree of favor or disfavor
Should poor performance be
blamed on “bad attitude”?
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3. Model of an Attitude ABC A B C Component Measured by Example ffect
ABC
Component
Measured by
Example
ffect
Physiological indicators
Verbal statements about feelings
I don’t like my boss
ehavioral Intentions
Observed behavior
Verbal statements about intentions
I want to transfer to another department
ognition
Attitude scales
Verbal statements about beliefs
I believe my
boss plays
favorites A B C
SOURCE: Adapted from M. J. Rosenberg and C. I. Hovland, “Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Components of Attitude,” in M. J. Rosenberg, C.I. Hovland, W. J. McGuire, R. P. Abelson, and J. H. Brehm, Attitude Organization and Change (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1960). Copyright 1960 Yale University Press. Used with permission. 3

4. Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance - a state of tension that is produced when an individual experiences conflict between attitudes and behavior
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5. Two Influences on Attitude Formation
Two Influences on Attitude Formation
Direct Experience -contact with person or object
Social Learning - the process of deriving attitudes from family, peer groups, religious organizations, and culture
Not readily available; not easily recalled
Readily available; easily recalled
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6. Four Processes for Social Learning through Modeling
Four Processes for Social Learning through Modeling
The learner must
Focus on the model
Retain what was observed
Practice the behavior
Be motivated 6

7. Work Attitudes: Job Satisfaction
Job Satisfaction - a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experience
Organizational Citizenship Behavior -
Behavior that is above and beyond duty
Related to job satisfaction 8

8. Values
Enduring beliefs that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence
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9. Values
Instrumental - values that represent the acceptable behaviors to be used in achieving some end state
Examples: honesty, politeness, courage
Terminal - values that represent the goals to be achieved, or the end states of existence
Examples: happiness, salvation, prosperity 15

10. Individual Work Values
Achievement (career advancement)
Concern for others (compassionate behavior)
Honesty (provision of accurate information)
Fairness (impartiality) 16

11. Cultural Differences in Values
Chinese value an
individual’s contribution
to relationships
in the work team
Americans value
an individual’s contribution to task accomplishment
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12. Working in Diverse Cultures
Learn about others’ values
Avoid prejudging business customs
Operate legitimately within others’ ethical points of view
Avoid rationalizing “borderline” actions with excuses
Refuse to violate fundamental organizational values
Be open and above board 18

13. Ethical Behavior
Acting in ways consistent with one’s personal values and the commonly held values of the organization and society
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14. Individual Qualities Required for Ethical Decision-making
The competence to identify ethical issues and evaluate the consequences of alternative courses of action
The self-confidence to seek out different opinions about the issue and decide what is right in terms of a situation
Tough mindedness - the willingness to make decisions when all that needs to be known cannot be known and when the ethical issue has no established, unambiguous solution 20

15. Individual/Organizational Model of Ethical Behavior
Individual/Organizational Model of Ethical Behavior
Individual Influences
Value systems
Locus of control
Machiavellianism
Cognitive moral development
Ethical
Behavior
Organizational Influences
Codes of conduct
Norms
Modeling
Rewards and punishments 21

16. Values, Ethics, and Ethical Behavior
Value Systems – systems of beliefs that affect what the individual defines as right, good, and fair
Ethics – reflects the way values are acted out
Ethical Behavior – actions consistent with one’s values 22