1. Mental Models ALED 342/ALEC 609

2. Mental Models
Images, assumptions we have of others, institutions, philosophies, etc.
See through your frame of reference

3. Why Bother? ……Misleading Mental Models & Results:
Parents believe education is school’s responsibility
Therefore: parents not involved in school reform
Health Administrators think hospitals are for seriously ill
Therefore: hospitals are not part of community health
Ag. producer believes in organic practices
Therefore: will not communicate with University Consultants

4. 5 Actions Connected to Changing Mental Models
Create the new mental model
To be effective, practice over time
Expect strong emotions and responses from others
Use frustrations as a source for “inquiry”
Use excitement as a warning of “unbridled action”

5. Productive Mental Models from Improved Conversation Skills:
2 Column Exercise
Conversation Palette
Conversation Protocols

6. LEARN: “2 Column Exercise” An application for Mental Models:
From: Theory in Practice, Argyris & Schon
RIGHT-HAND COLUMN: what was actually said
LEFT-HAND COLUMN: what you were really thinking

7. Outcomes from “2 Column Exercise”
Left Hand column is the hidden Mental Model
If Left Hand column is hidden, “costs” will occur
Costs include mistrust, misunderstanding
Costs lead to productive relationships

8. Critical Conversations – Balancing Advocacy with Inquiry

9. Creating a Balanced Conversation
Using 4 roles that exist in the Advocacy/Inquiry system
Fifth Discipline Fieldbook, page 252

10. TELLING A D V O C Y
GENERATING
OBSERVING
ASKING
I N Q U I R Y

11. Conversation Palette – shows 4 Conversation QuadrantsY
TELLING
GENERATING
OBSERVING
ASKING
I N Q U I R Y

12. TELLING ASSERTING: “here’s what I say, and here’s why I say it.”
EXPLAINING: “here’s how the world works and why I can see it that way
DICTATING: (dysfunctional) “here’s what I say, and never mind why.”

13. ASKING CLARIFYING: “what is the question we are trying to answer?”
INTERVIEWING: exploring others’ points of views and the reasons behind them.
INTERROGATING: (dysfunctional) “why can’t you see that your point of view is wrong?”

14. OBSERVING
BYSTANDING: making comments which pertain to the group process, but not to content.
SENSING: watching the conversation flow without saying much, but keenly aware of all that transpires.
WITHDRAWING: (dysfunctional) mentally checking out of the room, and not paying attention.

15. GENERATING
SKILLFUL DISCUSSION: balancing inquiry & advocacy, genuinely curious, explicit, asks others about assumptions without being critical/accusing.
DIALOGUE: suspending all assumptions, creating collective thinking.
POLITICKING: (dysfunctional) “giving the impression of balancing advocacy and inquiry, while being close-minded.”

16. Improve Communication with BALANCE:
Advocacy: make your own thinking visible to others
Inquiry: develop knowledge about others’ thinking/reasoning

17. *** PRACTICE PALETTE ***
The Scene:
You were on a fabulous Caribbean cruise when a serious storm developed. The ship was struck by lightening, a fire erupted, everyone had to abandon ship, and you were forced into a life raft.
There is room and food for only 8 people. People must be sacrificed to save the rest. The decision of who to sacrifice must be made by a group consensus – no one can volunteer to jump out of the raft. Each member must plead their own case (why you should live) and others should engage in balance and protocol to create a beneficial conversation and productive decision. You have 15 minutes to make the decision of who goes overboard so the rest can live – after 15 minutes, the life boat will sink.
*** PRACTICE PALETTE ***

18. Evaluation:
Which quadrants of the Conversation Palette were used by the people in your group?
What quadrants of the Conversation Palette were easiest for you to use?
What quadrants of the Conversation Palette were most difficult for you to use?
How can you develop your Generating skills?

19. Applying your Knowledge
Can you DEFINE AND PRACTICE:
2 Column Exercise
Balanced dialogue with the Conversation Palette
Make decisions using the 4 Conversation Protocols?