1. Cellular Energetics Review
Chapters 9 & 10

2. Cellular respiration Catabolic, energy-yielding pathway
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
Energy released is ATP and heat
Glycolysis
Kreb’s/Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain and oxidative phosphorylation

3. Glycolysis “splitting of sugar” glucose into 2 pyruvate
Occurs in cytoplasm
Net result: use 2 ATP, make 4 ATP, 2 pyruvates, and 2 NADH
NAD+ gets reduced (electrons added) to make NADH
Carries electrons to transport chain

7. Middle Step Pyruvate enters mitochondria
Enzyme chops off a carbon dioxide, transfers an electron to make NADH, and creates acetyl CoA
2 pyruvates makes 2 of each of the above

8. Kreb’s Cycle Acetyl CoA enters cycle
For every one, you get 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 carbon dioxides, 1 ATP
2 acetyl CoA makes double of above

10. Electron Transport Chain
The 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 carry electrons to a chain of membrane bound enzymes
The electrons move down the chain
A gradient of hydrogen ions begins to build
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor… water is made

12. Oxidative Phosphorylation
Build up of H+ goes through ATP synthase
ATP synthase spins… uses kinetic energy to assemble ATP from ADP and P
Typically each NADH will make 3 ATP and each FADH2 will make 2 ATP for a maximum of 34 ATP

16. Fermentation Cellular respiration requires oxygen
Fermentation does not
In absence of oxygen, glycolysis occurs
You get 2ATP, 2 pyruvate and 2 NADH
Fermentation takes the pyruvate and NADH and converts them to waste and NAD+
This allows for more glycolysis
Wastes: alcohol (plants) lactic acid (animals)

17. Food and Energy
Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats can all be converted to molecules that can enter the cellular respiration pathway
They can all be broken down and used to make ATP!

18. Photosynthesis Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
Light dependent reactions
Light independent reactions
Chloroplasts and chlorophyll

19. Photolysis/Light Reactions
The energy of light splits water into oxygen and electrons
NADP+ becomes reduced to NADPH
Chemiosmosis uses H+ gradient to make ATP
Cyclic electron flow: generates extra ATP for Calvin cycle
Noncyclic electron flow: only makes NADPH

22. Dark Reactions/Calvin Cycle
Uses ATP and NADPH created in light reactions to perform carbon fixation (turning carbon dioxide into sugars)
Rubisco is main enzyme; it joins carbon dioxide to RuBP (5 carbon sugar)
Every turn of Calvin cycle uses 3 carbon dioxides and nets one 3 carbon sugar and regenerates RuBP for the next turn

24. C4/CAM Photosynthesis
C4: when stomata are closed, oxygen can build up and compete with carbon dioxide for Rubisco (photorespiration)
C4: PEP carboxylase has higher affinity for carbon dioxide (mesophyll cell collects carbon dioxide and funnels into bundle sheath cell for Calvin cycle
CAM: open stomata only at night, carbon fixation occurs at night, and calvin cycle in day