1. The French Revolution and Napoleon 1789-1815
The French Revolution establishes a new political order, Napoleon Bonaparte gains and loses an empire, and European states forge a balance of power.
“Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity” started in France and spread throughout Europe and the world

2. The French Revolution and Napoleon 1789-1815
SECTION 1
SECTION The French Revolution Begins
SECTION Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
SECTION 3
SECTION Napoleon Forges an Empire
SECTION Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
SECTION The Congress of Vienna
These are my notes for slide 2

3. Section-1
The French Revolution Begins
Economic and social inequalities in the Old Regime help cause the French Revolution.

4. L'Ancien Régime (French) The Ancien Regime (Semi-French English)
Section-1
The French Revolution Begins
L'Ancien Régime (French)
The Ancien Regime (Semi-French English)
Old Regime—social and political system in France during the 1770s
Estates—three social classes of France’s Old Regime
Continued…

5. The Privileged Estates
Section-1
The Privileged Estates
First Estate—Catholic clergy—less than 1% of ppln; own 10 % land, pay few taxes
Second Estate—rich nobles—2 % population, own 20 % land; few taxes
institutions
Continued…

6. Have few privileges, pay heavy taxes, want change
The Old Order {continued}
The Third Estate
97 percent of people
Have few privileges, pay heavy taxes, want change

7. The Third Estate
Part 1-Bourgeoisie: “middle class”
Bankers, merchants, lawyers, factory owners, skilled artisans. Some were as rich as the nobles, but paid high taxes.
These people attended salons. What does that mean?
Part 2-city workers: poorly paid
Part 3-Rural peasants: 80% of 26 million. Paid half of their earnings to government and church in the form of taxes and tithe.

8. Enlightenment ideas inspire many in Third Estate
The Forces of Change
Enlightenment Ideas
Enlightenment ideas inspire many in Third Estate

9. Economic Troubles High taxes and rising costs damage economy by 1780s
Couple years of bad harvests
spent lots of money on wars

10. Economic Troubles
King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette known for extravagance (wasted money)
Louis doubles nation’s debt
banks refuse to lend more money

11. A Weak Leader
Louis’s poor decisions and lack of patience add to France’s problems
He calls Estates-General—meeting of representatives from all three estates

12. Opening of the Estates-General, May 5, 1789

13. Third Estate has little power under old rules
Dawn of the Revolution
The National Assembly
Third Estate has little power under old rules
Sieyès persuades them to make major changes in French government
His 1789 pamphlet What is the Third Estate? became the de facto manifesto of the Revolution
"What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been hitherto in the political order? Nothing. What does it desire to be? Something."

14. Third Estate sets up National Assembly—new legislature to make reforms
Dawn of the Revolution
The National Assembly
Third Estate sets up National Assembly—new legislature to make reforms
Tennis Court Oath—delegates decide to write new constitution for France

15. Tennis Court Oath June 20, 1789

16. Rumors fly in Paris that Louis wants to suppress National Assembly
Storming the Bastille
Rumors fly in Paris that Louis wants to suppress National Assembly
Mob attacks and seizes Bastille, killing guards on July 14, 1789
Known now as Bastille Day

17. Storming the Bastille July 14, 1789

18. Rebellion
Rumors and panic spread throughout France
Great Fear—attacks by peasants taking place across France
Peasants destroy legal papers binding them to feudal system

19. Rebellion
In October 1789, Parisian women revolt over rising price of bread
They demand action, forcing Louis to return from Versailles to Paris

20. Women’s March on Versailles, October 5, 1789

21. Revolutionary leaders use the slogan, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
Section-2
Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
The Assembly Reforms France
The Rights of Man
National Assembly adopts Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Revolutionary leaders use the slogan, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
Continued…

22. Section-2
Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
The revolutionary government of France makes reforms but also uses terror and violence to retain power.

23. What did the King do? This all happened very fast:
May 5: King calls a meeting
June 17: 3rd Estate forms National Assembly
July 14: Bastille
Aug 4: National Assembly abolishes feudalism
Aug 26: National Assembly-Rights of Man
Oct 5: thousands of women from Paris marched to Versailles, get the King and force him to accept the decrees. They take him to Paris to have him show support for the National Assembly. (King basically became a prisoner)

24. A State-Controlled Church
Section-2
Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
The Assembly Reforms France
A State-Controlled Church
National Assembly seizes church lands, turns clergy into public officials
De-Christianization
This action alarms many peasants, who are devout Catholics
Continued…

25. Louis, worried about his future, attempts to escape France
The Assembly Reforms France {continued}
Louis Tries to Escape
Louis, worried about his future, attempts to escape France
Revolutionaries catch the royal family near Netherlands’ border

26. In September 1791, Assembly finishes new constitution
Divisions Develop
A Limited Monarchy
In September 1791, Assembly finishes new constitution
Legislative Assembly—new body created to pass laws

27. Major problems, including debt, food shortages remain
Divisions Develop
Factions Split France
Major problems, including debt, food shortages remain
Assembly split into:
Radicals: (Left) had the backing of the Paris sans-culottes
Moderates: (Center)
Conservatives: (Right) support in provincial cities and among local government officials

28. Émigrés—nobles who flee country, want Old Regime back in power
Divisions Develop
Factions Split France
Émigrés—nobles who flee country, want Old Regime back in power
Sans-culottes—lower class who want more change from the Revolution

29. Problems with Other Countries
War and Execution
Problems with Other Countries
Austrians and Prussians want Louis in charge of France; France declares war
Continued…

30. Prussian forces soon threaten to attack Paris
War and Execution
France at War
Prussian forces soon threaten to attack Paris
Parisian mob jails royal family, kills guards
Mob breaks into prisons, killing over 1,000, including many who support king
Pressured by mob, Legislative Assembly deposes the king and then dissolves
National Convention takes office in September, forming French republic
Continued…

31. Jacobins Take Control
Jacobins—radical political organization behind 1792 governmental changes
After a close vote, Louis XVI is found guilty of treason and beheaded
Guillotine—machine designed during the Revolution to behead people

32. The War Continues
French army wins great victory against Prussians and Austrians
In 1793 Britain, Spain, Holland join forces against France
National Convention orders draft of 300,000 to reinforce army

33. The Terror Grips France
Divided Country
Not all people in France support all changes of the Revolution
Robespierre Assumes Control
Maximilien Robespierre—Jacobin leader rules France for a year
Becomes leader of the Committee of Public Safety, a dictator

34. The Terror Grips France
Reign of Terror—Robespierre’s rule, which includes killing many opponents
Thousands die during the Terror, including former allies and Marie Antoinette
85 percent of those who die during the Terror are middle or lower class

35. Another Change in Government
End of the Terror
Another Change in Government
In July 1794, Robespierre arrested, executed
Terror results in public opinion shifting away from radicals
Moderate leaders write new constitution
Two-house legislature and five-man Directory restore order
New government makes Napoleon Bonaparte commander of armies