1. Energy Resources By
Dr. Swati Dixit

2. Energy Resources : A natural resource that can be converted by humans into forms of energy in order to do useful work!

3. Evaluating Energy Resources
About three-quarters of the world’s commercial energy comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels, and the rest comes from nonrenewable nuclear fuel and renewable sources.
Energy resources are classified as:
NONRENEWABLE
RENEWABLE

4. Non Renewable Energy
These are energy resources that cannot be replaced after they have been used or need thousands to millions of years to be replaced.

5. Coal, Petroleum, And Natural Gas
Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are considered nonrenewable because they can not be replenished in a short period of time. These are called fossil fuels.

6. How Are Oil And Gas Made ???

7. How Is Coal Made ???

8. Coal facts…. Was formed 255-350 million years ago
4 types of coal –Anthracite ,Bituminous ,Lignite ,Peat
India has high coal deposits in Bokaro, Jharia, Raniganj, Singrauli, Godavari Valley, Chandrapur.
Coal Is in abundance But Dirty Fuel
Used in electricity production
World’s most abundant fossil fuel
U.S. reserves should last about 250 years
Sulfur and particulate pollutants ,Mercury and radioactive pollutants

9. Heat produced by burning pulverized coal in a furnace boils water to produce steam that spins a turbine to produce electricity.
The steam is cooled, condensed, and returned to the boiler for reuse.
Waste heat can be transferred to the atmosphere or to a nearby source of water.
The largest coal-burning power plant in the United States, located in Indiana, burns three 100-car trainloads of coal per day

10. Petroleum or Crude Oil Also called light oil
Trapped underground or under ocean with natural gas
Crude oil is the single largest source of commercial energy in world and U.S.
Proven oil reserves
Can be extracted profitably at today’s prices with modern technology
It’s a mixture of
hydrocarbons needs
to be purified and
refined before use

12. Natural gas Natural Gas Is a Useful and Clean-burning Fossil Fuel
Compressed natural gas
Synthetic natural gas
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
Less carbon dioxide emitted per unit of energy than with crude oil, tar sand, shale oil
World supply of conventional natural gas – years

13. Nuclear Energy Nuclear fission uses uranium to create energy.
Nuclear energy is a nonrenewable resource because once the uranium is used, it is gone!

14. NUCLEAR FISSION AND NUCLEAR FUSION

15. Facts Tremendous potential Disaster if leakage happens
Energy potential high but not highly exploited in India
4 plants currently: Capacity 2005 MW
Tarapur
Kota
Kalpakkam
Narora

16. Renewable Energy
Renewable resources are natural resources that can be replenished in a short period of time.
Solar
Geothermal
Wind
Biomass
Hydro-power
Tidal energy

17. Solar Energy
Sustainability mostly depends on solar energy Direct form: from the sun
Nuclear fusion reactions occur inside the sun and release tremendous energy
1.4 kilojoules second/m2

18. Solar devices Solar heat collectors Solar cells Solar cooker
Solar water heater
Solar furnace and Solar power plants

19. Using Solar Energy to Heat Buildings and Water
Passive solar heating system
Active solar heating system

23. Photovoltaic (PV) or solar cells can provide electricity for a house or building using solar cell roof shingles, as shown in this house in Richmond Surrey, England. Solar-cell roof systems that look like a metal roof are also available. In addition, new thin-film solar cells can be applied to windows and outside walls.

26. Wind Energy Freely available source of energy
Minimum wind speed required 15 km/hr
World’s second fastest-growing source of energy
India´s Potential is
20,000 MW
Vast potential
Land
Offshore

30. Hydro Power: Producing Electricity from Flowing Water

32. Facts.. Hydropower Dams and reservoirs Micro-hydro generators
Leading renewable energy source
Much unused capacity
Dams and reservoirs
Turbines generate electricity
Eventually fill with silt
Micro-hydro generators
Potential of India : 4 X 10 11KW-hours

34. Geothermal Energy Energy by Tapping the Earth’s Internal Heat
Geothermal heat pumps
Hydrothermal reservoirs
Steam
Hot water
Deep geothermal energy
New Zealand, U.S.A have successful working plants

37. Tidal Energy
Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into useful forms of power - mainly electricity.
Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation.
Tidal stream generators (or TSGs) make use of the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines, in a similar way to wind turbines that use wind to power turbines.

38. Tidal barrages make use of the potential energy in the difference in height (or head) between high and low tides. Barrages are essentially dams across the full width of a tidal estuary.

39. Ocean Thermal Energy

40. Biomass Energy Biomass Common in developing countries
Wood
Agricultural waste
Plantations
Charcoal
Animal manure
Common in developing countries
Carbon dioxide increase in atmosphere

41. Converting Plant Matter to Liquid Biofuel
Biofuels
Ethanol and biodiesel
Crops can be grown in most countries
Sustainability

42. Liquid fuel from Corn

44. Biogas Mixture of Methane, Carbon dioxide, hydrogen etc
Produced by anaerobic degradation of animal waste in presence of water
Non polluting, clean and low cost fuel
Two types of biogas plants
Floating dome type
Fixed dome type

45. Process

46. Types of Biogas Plant

47. Installed float type

48. Hydrogen as Fuel Hydrogen is environmentally friendly
Thermal dissociation, photolysis or electrolysis of water
Problems
Net energy yield is negative
Fuel is expensive
Air pollution depends on production method
Storage

51. A Fact
Recycling just one aluminum can saves enough energy to run a television set for four hours!

52. REDUCE , REUSE, RECYCLE

53. Transition to a More Sustainable Energy Future?

54. Solutions
Decentralized power system in which electricity is produced by a large number of dispersed, small-scale micropower systems.
Some would produce power on site; others would feed the power they produce into a modern electrical distribution system.
Over the next few decades, many energy and financial analysts expect a shift to this type of power system, largely based on locally available renewable energy resources.

55. THANK YOU