1. The Origin and Chemistry of Life

2. Spontaneous Generation
The mistaken idea that living things can spontaneously form from nonliving substances.
Jean Baptiste van Helmont
1648

3. Jean Baptiste van Helmont 1648
Said that mice spontaneously generated for dirty underwear and wheat.

4. Biogenesis Living things only come from other living things.
Cells come from existing cells.

5. Francesco Redi
Redi Placed meat in jars, one was left uncovered and one was covered with cloth
He left the jars out for a few days
The jar that was left open had maggots
The jar that was covered didn’t have any maggots
He concluded that the flies he had seen had laid eggs on the meat

7. Louis Pasteur
Set up an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation.

8. Pasteur’s Experiment
He put broth in flasks with curved necks. He then boiled one flask to kill microorganisms but did not boil the other one. The flask which was boiled did not spoil, showing that the microorganisms were in the broth.

10. Pasteurization

11. Chemical Compounds in Cells
Chemicals are the basic building blocks of cells

12. Elements
Any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

14. Atoms
The smallest unit of an element

16. Compound
Two or more elements combined

17. Molecule
The smallest unit of a compound

21. Organic Compounds
Compounds which contain carbon and are found in living things

22. Carbohydrates
An energy rich organic compound made of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Sugars and starches
In foods, found in potatoes, breads, noodles, fruit and vegetables

24. Photosynthesis
Is the process in which plants absorb sunlight, water and carbon dioxide and change it into glucose (a carbohydrate).

25. Photosynthesis

26. Monosaccharides Simple sugars
Made of only one ring compound containing 4, 5, or 6 carbons

27. Disaccharides
Double sugars
Formed by bonding 2 simple sugars

28. Disaccharides

29. Polysaccharides Complex sugars
Composed of many molecules of simple sugars linked together in long chains.

30. Glycogen Made of long chains of glucose
Is an important form for storing sugar in animals.

31. Glycogen Metabolism

32. Lipids Fats, oils and waxes Contains a lot of energy
Components of cell membrane
Insoluble in water
3 principle kinds-neutral fats, phospholipids and steroids

34. Neutral Fats True fats are major fuels of animals
Include triglycerides-molecules consisting of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids

35. Saturated Fats
A triglyceride in which every carbon within the chain holds two hydrogen atoms.

36. Unsaturated Fats Typical of plant oils
Have two or more carbon atoms joined by double bonds instead of being ‘saturated’ by hydrogen.

37. Phospholipids Make up an important part of cell membranes.
They are like triglycerides in structure except that one of the three fatty acids is replaced by a phosphoric acid.
They have one end that is polar and water soluble, and one end that is nonpolar and insoluble.

38. CELL
MEMBRANE

39. Amino Acids 20 common types
In different combinations they make up all the different types of proteins and enzymes

41. Proteins Large organic molecules made of chains of amino acids
Foods high in protein include meats, eggs, cheese, nuts and beans
Found in cells, especially muscle cells

42. Primary Structure
A protein which is a sequence of amino acids composing a polypeptide chain

43. Secondary Structure
A protein structure in which bonds form among the amino acids forming a helical shape
Alpha-helix >

44. Tertiary Structure
When a polypeptide chain folds and bends to give it a 3-D shape

45. Quaternary Structure
Proteins that contain more than one polypeptide chain held together to form a single protein molecule.

48. Enzymes
A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

49. Lactase
An enzyme which is needed for digestion of lactose, a sugar in milk

50. Nucleic Acids
Very large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus
Make up DNA and RNA

51. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
A DNA molecule has three components; a five-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases

52. D N A

53. Water
Without water most chemical reactions within cells could not take place
Necessary for life to exist
Helps cell keep their size and shape

57. Chemical Evolution
Haldane and Oparin proposed that earth’s early atmosphere with its lack of oxygen and volcanic activity helped to facilitate the formation of organic molecules which eventually evolved into living organisms.
Similar environments exist today near hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean.

58. Hydrothermal Vents

60. Engulfing
The process by which some cells surround and take food substances in

69. Photosynthesis
The process by which a plant cell captures sunlight and changes it into food energy
Requires carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and chlorophyll
Makes sugars and oxygen

75. Glucose
The type of sugar made during photosynthesis

77. Respiration
The process by which cell break down simple food molecules and release the energy they contain

78. Fermentation
The process some cells use to break down food molecules without using oxygen

80. Alcoholic Fermentation
One type of fermentation used by yeast and some other unicellular organisms
Makes alcohol as a by product

82. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Takes place when your body is working to hard and muscle cells do not have enough oxygen
Make lactic acid as a by product which makes muscles burn and ache