1. Types of Asexual Reproduction
- Binary Fission (Prokaryotes)
- Budding(Both) Regeneration(Both)
- Mitosis(Eukaryotes)
Bacteria

2. Prokaryote (vs) Eukaryote
DNA

3. Mitosis
Cellular Division

4. What is the role of chromosomes?
Chromosomes carry the genetic information that is passed on from one generation of cells to the next.
Every cell must copy its genetic information before cell division begins.
Chromosomes make it possible to separate DNA during cell division.
Chromosomes is a library of genetic information. Each chromosome consists of one long strand of DNA wrapped around chunks of protein.

5. Where are chromosomes located?
Most prokaryotes contain a single, circular DNA molecule, or chromosome found in the cytoplasm.
In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are located in the nucleus, and are made up of chromatin.
Chromatin is composed of DNA and histone proteins. DNA coils around histone proteins to form nucleosomes. The nucleosomes interact with one another to form coils and supercoils that make up chromosomes.

6. Chromatids/Chromosomes

7. What is the cell cycle?
During the cell cycle, a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells.
Most prokaryotic cells begin to replicate, or copy, their DNA once they have grown to a certain size.
When DNA replication is complete, the cells divide through a process known as binary fission.
Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction during which two genetically identical cells are produced.

8. What is the eukaryotic cell cycle?

9. The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four phases:
Gap 1 or G1 – Cell growth
Synthesis or S – DNA replication(copied) and the end each chromosome consists of two chromatids attached at the centromere.
Gap 2 or G2 – organelles and
molecules required for cell division
are produced.
M phase – Cell division
Mitosis is the division of the cell nucleus.
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm
Each nucleus ends up with the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the original cell.
The period of growth that consists of the G1, S, and G2 is called interphase

10. What are some important facts about mitosis?
Nucleus of a cell divides into two nuclei.
Takes place in somatic, or body cells.
Maintains the number of chromosomes.
Results in two diploid, genetically identical daughter cells.
Does not increase genetic diversity!!!!!
Purpose: Cell regeneration and Growth!!!!

11. Diploid/Haploid

12. D. asexual reproduction occurs only in multicellular organisms.
How are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction different from each other?
A. sexual reproduction requires two parents and asexual reproduction requires only one parent
B. asexual reproduction requires two parents and sexual reproduction requires only one parent
C. mutation rates are lower in sexual reproduction than in asexual reproduction
D. asexual reproduction occurs only in multicellular organisms.

13. The diagram below shows two strawberry plants.
Plant 2 is produced asexually from Plant 1.
If the leaf cells of Plant 1 have 56 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be found in the leaf cells of Plant 2?
A. 14
B. 28
C. 56
D. 112
How many in the seeds?

14. Vocabulary Chromatin Chromosomes Karyotype Diploid Haploid
a. Long strands of DNA condense to form chromosomes
b. Structures that carry DNA
c. Chart of chromosomes arranged by length and centromere location
d. Two of each chromosome (2n)
One of each chromosome (n)
f. female + XX male = XY
Eggs and sperm
Chromatin
Chromosomes
Karyotype
Diploid
Haploid
Sex Chromosomes
Gamete

15. Where are chromosomes located?

16. Chromosome Structures

17. If this is a human “somatic “ cell then how many chromosomes should be shown here?
These are human chromosomes taken from a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

18. Cell Cycle

20.                                                       
Interphase

21. Prophase:
- Chromosomes coil up and become visible.
- The nuclear envelope dissolves and spindle forms

22.                                                       
Prophase

23. Metaphase:
- The chromosomes move to the venter of the cell and line up along the equator
- Spindle fibers link the chromatids of each chromosome at the center.

24. Metaphase
                                                      

25. Anaphase:
- Centromere divide into two
- Spindle fibers sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell.
- Each pole (future daughter cell) now has an identical set of genes.

26.                                                       
Anaphase

27. Telophase:
- A nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes at each pole.
- Chromosomes, now at opposite poles, uncoil and the spindle fibers dissolves
- The spindle fibers break down and disappears

28. Telophase
                                                      

29. Cytokinesis:
- The process during cell division in which the cytoplasm divides.

30. Animal (vs)
Plant

31. Animal PLANT Cell Plate Cleavage Furrow

32. What are the stages of mitosis?

33. Identify the Slides

34. Mitosis Movie

36. Why do we look at the “tip’ of the root to see cell division?

38. A) cytokinesis B) metaphase C) cyclin phase D) anaphase
1.What phase of cell division comes immediately after the phase shown here?
A) cytokinesis
B) metaphase
C) cyclin phase
D) anaphase

39. 2.What structures are lined up at the center of this cell?
A) cyclins
B) chromatids
C) chromosomes
D) kinases

40. 3. The method by which a cell's cytoplasm divides is called ____.
A) DNA replication
B) interphase
C) mitosis
D) cytokinesis

41. 4. Examine the picture of the cell. What phase is the cell in?
a. prophase
b. anaphase
c. metaphase
d. telophase

42. 5. What is the structure labeled "X" on the picture?
a. centriole
b. spindle
c. chromosome
d. chromatid

43. 6. During which phase do chromosome first become visible?
a. interphase
b. telophase
c. metaphase
d. prophase

44. 7. A cell with 10 chromosomes undergoes mitosis
7. A cell with 10 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. How many daughter cells are created? ___ Each daughter cell has ___ chromosomes.
a. 2, 10
b. 10, 2
c. 1, 10
d. 2, 20

45. 8. Each chromosome consists of 2 _____.
a. centrofibers
b. chromatids
c. daughter cells
d. centrioles

46. 9. What structure is responsible for moving the chromosomes during mitosis?
a. nucleolus
b. nuclear membrane
c. spindle fibers
d. cytoplasm

47. 10. Mitosis and meiosis are processes involved in cellular reproduction. Which of the following
describes an event that results from mitosis but NOT meiosis?
A. two stages of cell division
B. replication of cellular genetic material
C. daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell
D. four daughter cells that are produced from each parent cell

48. Cells growing out of control !
CANCER
Cancer is a disease of mitosis – the normal checkpoints regulating mitosis are ignored or overridden.
Cells growing out of control !

50. Cancer is -
A) form of meiosis
B) cells grow unregulated and out of control
C) only effects humans.
D) is non-treatable.

51. Vocabulary
Benign: any tumor, growth or cell abnormality that is not cancerous.
*The growth will not spread to deeper tissues or other parts of the body.
Biopsy: removal of a small portion of tissue to see whether it is cancerous.
Carcinogen- something that causes cancer, it is said to be carcinogenic.

52. Chemotherapy: therapy that uses drugs to damage cancer cells and make it difficult for them to grow in number.
Metastasis: the spread of cancer from one area of the body to another.