1. Elements Groups/Families

2. I. Organization of the Periodic Table
A. The elements in the modern period table
are arranged by atomic number.
B. horizontal rows (L to R) are called
periods.
1. the same # of electron shells

3. Organization (continued)
C) The vertical columns (up – down) are called groups or families.
1. members have same # of valence
electrons
2. similar chemical and physical
characteristics
D) Review Questions:
1. How many electron shells does oxygen have? 2
2. How many valence electrons does
oxygen have? 6

4. II. Groups Metals 1. General Characterisitics: a. shiny
b. Solid at 20°C (room temp.)
c. Conduct electricity & heat
d. Malleable >> pounded into shapes
e. Ductile >> pulled into a long wire
f. Most of the elements on the periodic
table are metals.

5. 2. Three Types of Metals: alkali, akaline earth, transition
a. Alkali Metals
i. Soft and shiny
ii. Reactive! Ex. Explodes in H2O
iii. Activity increases as you move down the group
b. Alkaline Earth Metals
i. Reactive, but less than alkali metals
ii. Reactivity also increases as you move down the group
                                                                         Let's start oside of the periodic table. When looking for families, the first one you will find is the alkali metal family of elements. They are also known as the alkaline metals. You should remember that there is a separate group called the alkaline earth metals in Group Two. They are a very different family even though they have a similar name. That far left column is Group One (Group I). When we talk about the groups of the periodic table, scientists use Roman numerals when they write them out.

6. c. Transition Metals i. Fairly stable ii. High boiling points
(ex. Cu: 1083°C)
iii. Often colored

7. Rare-Earth 1st Row: Lanthanides 2nd Row: Actinides -- radioactive
Soft, malleable metals
High luster & conductivity
Used in alloys & glass
2nd Row: Actinides
-- radioactive
-- all but the first three are synthetic (manmade)

8. B. Nonmetals: metalloids, halogen, noble gases, and others
General Characteristics:
a. dull, not shiny
b. Solids or gases at room temp.
c. Nonconductors of electricity or heat
d. Solids are hard & brittle

9. 2. Metalloids a. “next to zig-zag line”
b. These elements have characteristics of
both metals and nonmetals
c. Can conduct electricity depending on the temp., light exposure, etc.

10. 3. Halogens a. Very reactive: always found in
combination with other elements
b. Most are dangerous to humans

11. 4. Noble Gases a. Also called inert gases
b. VERY stable, nonreactive elements
c. Have a full valence shell

12. 5. Hydrogen Simplest element, but very reactive
Unique properties, thus cannot be grouped into a family