1. Research process

2. Research Process I. Formulating the research problem
The formulation of a general topic into a specific research problem constitutes the first step of scientific enquiry.
II. Objectives of the research
It explains the aims that the researcher intends to achieve through the research
III. Extensive literature survey
Books, articles, journals, reports etc
A good library will be a great help to the researcher

3. Research Process IV Developing of working hypothesis
Hypothesis provide the focal point of research.
The role of hypothesis is to guide the researcher by delimiting the area of research.
It sharpens his thinking and focus

4. Research Process IV Developing of working hypothesis
How does one develop hypothesis?
Discuss with colleagues and experts
Examination of data and records
Review similar studies
Personal investigation through field interviews
Working hypothsis must be stated in precise and clear terms.

5. Research Process V. Preparing the research design
Researcher will have to state the conceptual structure within which research would be conducted.
There are two types of research designs:
A. Exploratory research
B. Conclusive research
1. Descriptive research
2.Causal research

6. Research Process VI. Determining sample design
When we select a few items from the universe for our study, the items selected constitute a sample.
Sample design is the way of selecting the sample.
Probability sampling vs. non probability sampling
One should restore to random sampling so that bias can be eliminated and sampling error can be estimated.

7. Research Process VII. Collecting the data
There are several ways of collecting data which differ in context of money, costs, time and other resources.
Primary data can be collected through experiments or surveys.

8. Research Process Survey Methods Surveys Questionnaire PI
Observation
Telephone interview
Schedule

9. Research Process VIII. Execution of the project
The project should be executed in a systematic manner and on time.
IX. Analysis of data
Establishment of categories, tabulating and drawing statistical inferences.
Analysis work is based on computation of percentages, coefficients etc.

10. Research Process X. Hypothesis-testing
The hypothesis can be tested through the use of the following tests
Chi square
T-test
Z- test
XI. Generalisations and interpretation
Generalisation means to build a theory.
When the researcher explains the findings it is known as interpretation

11. Research Process XII. Preparation of the report
The layout of the report is divided into three parts:-
Preliminary pages
Title and date
Acknowledgements
Forwards
Table of content

12. Research Process XII. Preparation of the report Main text Introduction
Main report
Conclusion
End of the report
Bibliography
Appendices
Index (optional)

13. Features of a good research
Objectivity
Systematic
Logical
Universality
Free from personal bias
Control
Empirical
Replicable